CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


111 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  Mlcroraproduetlon*  /  Inathut  Canadian  da  mleroraproductiont  hiatoriquas 


©1995 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  technique  et  bibllographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I     Cove's  I'amaged  / 

' — '     Couverture  endommagee 

I     ]     Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
— '      Couverture  restaur^  el/ou  pellicuiee 

I     I     Cover  title  missing /Le  title  de  couverture  manque 

I     I      Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  gtegraphiquss  en  couleur 

I     I      Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  t)lue  or  black)/ 

Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I     I      CokHired  plates  an*orillustralk)ns/ 
— '      Planches  eUou  illustratk>ns  en  couleur 

I     I      Bound  with  other  material  / 

Reli*  avoc  d'autres  documents 

I     I     Only  edidon  available  / 
I — I     Seuleedltkndisponible 

I  I  Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut 
causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsran  le  long  de 
la  marge  int^rieure. 

I  I  Blank  leaves  added  during  restoialxxis  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  lue  ceitaines 
pages  blaiKhes  ajouttes  tors  d'une  restauratkm 
appaiaissem  dans  le  texle,  mais,  kxsque  cela  etaJt 
passible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  iH  filmees. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  examplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
et^  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire  qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modifications  dans  la  m6th- 
ode  nonmale  de  filmage  sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 

I     I      Cokjured  pages /Pajesde  couleur 

[7]      Pages  damaged/ Pages  endOiimagies 

I     I      Pages  restored  an*or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellkailtes 

rp\      Pages  discotoured,  stained  or  loxed  / 
— '      Pages  dto>tor6es,tachetiesoupiqutes 

I     I      Pages  detached/ Pages  detach^es 

ns     Showthrough  /  Transparence 

I     I     C3uality  of  print  varies  / 

' — '     Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

I     I      Includes  supplomentary  material  / 
—      Comprend  du  materiel  suppMmentaire 

I  I  Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  returned  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image  /  Les  pages 
totalement  ou  paitiellement  obscurcles  par  un 
feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure,  etc.,  ont  iti  filmies 
k  nouveau  de  fafon  k  obtenir  la  mellleure 
image  possible. 

I  I  Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the 
best  possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant 
ayant  des  colorations  variables  ou  des  dicol- 
oratbns  sont  filmtes  deux  fois  aiin  d'obtenir  la 
meilleur  image  possible. 


D 


AddHunal  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppienientaires: 


This  Ittni  ii  fihnad  at  th«  rtduetion  ratio  chwkad  balow/ 

Ct  dacwmnt  tst  (ilmt  *u  tau>  dc  rUuction  indiqiii  ci-dtnout. 

lOX  14X  1«X 


22X 


n 


Th*  copy  filmad  h«r«  Km  haan  raproduetd  thank* 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  iWmt  fut  raproduil  grica  1  It 
ttnttotitt  da: 

Blbllotheque  natlonala  du  Canada 


Tha  imaga*  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
pOMibIa  contidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
(liming  contract  tpaclficationa. 


Lat  imaga*  auivanta*  ont  ttt  raproduita*  avac  I* 
piu*  grand  *oin.  compt*  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  »n 
conformity  avac  la*  condition*  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 


Original  copia*  in  printad  papar  eovar*  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
*ion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  approprlaia.  All 
othar  original  copia*  ara  filmad  baginning  on  th* 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  Illuatratad  impraa- 
aion,  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Laa  axamplaira*  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  a*t  ImprimAa  *ont  film**  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  *oit  par  I* 
d*rni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impra**ion  ou  d'illu*tration.  >oit  par  la  lacond 
plat,  aalon  la  ca*.  Tou*  las  autra*  axamplaira* 
originaux  *ont  film**  an  commancant  par  la 
pramiira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'lmpra**ion  ou  d'illu*tration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnitra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
*h*ll  contain  tha  aymbol  -^  Imaaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  Imaaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applia*. 


Un  daa  aymboia*  *uivant*  apparaitra  tut  la 
darnitra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  I* 
ca*:  I*  *ymbol*  ^»  aignifi*  "A  SUIVRE".  I* 
*Vmbol*  V  aignifi*  "FIN". 


Map*,  plataa.  cham,  ate,  may  b*  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratio*.  Tho**  too  larg*  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  iaft  hand  eornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  a*  many  (ramaa  a* 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagram*  illu*trata  tha 
mathod: 


La*  carta*,  planch**,  tablaaux,  ate.  pauvant  atra 
film**  *  da*  taux  da  r*duction  diff*rants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trop  grand  pour  *tra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clich*.  il  ast  film*  *  partir 
da  I'angia  suptriaur  gaucha.  da  gaueha  i  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  bas,  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imaga*  n4c**saira.  La*  diagramma*  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mithoda. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

••K«OCOPV   HSOUJTtON   TBT  OMRT 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CMABT  Ho.  3) 


1.0    ^1^  1^ 


I.I 


la    120 


1^ 


A     APPLIED  IIS/MGE     In. 

K         '655   £ot(   Ua.i   Sl.«t 


Florence  Nightingale 

As  Seen  in  Her  Portraits 


With  a  sketch  of  her  life,  and  an  aci.v>_  it  of  her 
relation  to  the  origin  of  the  Red  Cross  Society 


BY 

MAUDE  E.  SEYMOUR  ABBOTT 

McGiLL  University 
Montreal 


Fifteen  Illustrations 


Bosrotf,  V.  S.  A. 

1i/printe^  frtm  thi  Bosttn  Mtdical  and  Surgical  Jsurnat 
Stptimbir  14th,  2iit  and  28th,  1916 


Pltn    VII.       FLOUHCI   KlOHTIKGALI    AT    BCOTAMt. 

From  in  Albion  print  o(  a  dnwing  by   Watidattorde,  enfrtvcd  bj  W.   Wdbtood. 


<3«  vmv   3B.> 


r"  most:  SOHLK  UO.WA'.V  wku  have 
follutrrd  in  thf  fiiotstfpg  of  Mmh  Xiijhtin- 
gale,  and  have  thereby  rnisfd  the  profeaaion  of 
Nursimj  to  Ihf  I  ujh  phrc  it  now  occupies,  and 
irho  maintain  it  i'/fre>n  ahore  the  dunt  of  lom- 
mfrcialisnt.—Ai/iiin  Junes  nf  th  W'orkhome 
Infirmary  of  Liverpool,  Mm.  Bedford  Fenwick 
of  iSt.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  Edith 
t'avell  of  Belgium,  Isabel  Hampton  Robb  and 
Adelaide  Suiting  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital. Baltimore,  Nora  G.  E.  lAvingstone  of  the 
Montreal  General  Hospital,  Mabel  F.  Herseif  of 
the  Royal  Victoric  Hospital.  Montreal,  and 
manif  others. — this  little  manuscript  is  affec- 
tionately and  reverently  dedicated. 


TABLE  OP  CONTENTS 


LlTIODt'CTDBY     •  •         S 

Thk  I*cMfrmAm *t 

I     The  CblMltixKl  iif  l-'liireiKf  Nlchtlimlt  . .       0 

■■lalM  i.  II. 

II     Girlhood  atid  Early  WomaDhnml   IT 

1H8S  -IMH. 

n«te«  III,   IV.   V.   VI. 

III  The  I'erliHl  of  *h«  Crimean  War 20 

ftctotwr.  1804  -  AuiniHr.   IHOtt. 
Plate  VII. 

The  MuhUHfale'a  Heturn   3T 

IV  The    Period    Immediately    Pollowlng    tb« 

('rtmeati    War    41 

IHM-lSOl. 

Plates  VIII,  IX.  X.  XI. 

V     Floreoce  Nlgbtlnxale  In  later  Life ST 

1861  •  191(1. 

Plate*  XII.  XIII.  XIV,  XV. 

BiBUOllBAPIIY 

MIm  MfChtliiKHle'H  WrllliiK>;    71 

WrltlngH  about  MlM  MiihtliikCHle TR 


FLORENCE    NIGHTINGALE* 

AS  SEEN   IN   HER  PORTRAITS 

By  Maude  E.  Seyuoub  Abbott,  B.A.,  M.D. 
McOm  Univertitu,  Montreal. 

INTIKM>UCTORT. 

It  is  nearly  three  quarters  of  a  century  since 
the  name  of  Florence  Nightingale  first  thrilled 
through  Europe,  plunged  in  the  horrors  of  the 
terrible  Crimean  War.  The  details  of  her  great 
and  beneficent  achievement  have  been  forgot- 
ten by  many,  and  in  their  full  extent,  indeed, 
have  only  been  known  by  very  few.  Yet  her 
name  remains  as  a  liousehold  word  among  us, 
breathing  always  the  charm  diffiued  by  a  life 
consecrated  to  high  ideals,  and  symbolizing  to 
us  the  power  to  move  mountains  of  the  passion- 
ate womanly  sympathy,  discerning  judgment, 
and  magnificent  organizing  genius,  which  to- 
gether made  her  at  once  the  Crimean  heroine 
and  the  great  reformer  of  military  hygiene  of 
the  Victorian  Age.  Today  we  are  again  plunged 
into  a  war  which  has  become  even  more  terrible 
than  any  in  the  past,  in  consequence  of  the  re- 
finements of  so-called  civilization  as  applied  to 
methods  of  modem  warfare.  But  we  have  to 
thank  the  stream  of  military  reform  that  set  in 
after  the  Crimean  crisis,  so  largely  initiated  and 
directed  by  the  influence  of  Miss  Nightingale, 
that  the  care  of  the  soldiers — wounded,  sick,  or 
well— has  been  placed  at  the  present  day  on  h 
very  high  plane  of  eflSciency. 

In  view  of  the  immensity  of  detail  in  such  a 
life  as  that  of  Florence  Nightingale,  a  complete 
account  is  impossible  here.  The  most  that  can 
be  attempted  is  a  brief  outline  of  those  events 

•  Adapted  from  in  Addren  on  'The  Work  of  Fl<.r*nee  NiahtiiMtile 
and  Medical  Unite  in  Active  Servwp  Tod«v,'  delivered  hefote  the 
HMvard  m«torIcal  Club.  December  T.  1916. 


that  led  up  to,  and  followed  the  great  Crimeao 
climax,  which  revealed  her  to  t^e  admiration 
and  affection  of  a  fateful  humanity.  For  far- 
ther detail,  those  who  are  interested  should  con- 
sult the  splendid  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale, 
by  Sir  Edward  Cook,  issued  in  two  volumes,  in 
1913,  by  MacMillan  and  Company,  London. 
The  appearance  of  this  book,  from  which  the 
materials  for  this  little  sketch  are  drawn,  has 
been  an  event  in  bio^aphical  literature.  Based 
upon  a  thorough  study  of  a  mass  of  written  rec- 
ords, including  Miss  Nightingale 's  own  diaries 
and  voluminous  correspondence  and  many 
other  papers,  official  and  otherwise,  not  pre- 
viously laid  open  to  the  public,  it  for  the  first 
time  presents  her  story  f^lly  and  fairly  to  the 
world,  withdut  sentimental  exaggeration,  but 
with  the  force  of  actual  recorded  facts.  The 
story  of  the  "Crimean  Muddle,"  as  the  situa- 
tion she  was  called  upon  to  cope  with  in  the 
East  was  picturesquely  cabled,  is  told  with  fair- 
ness and  discrimination,  and  the  history  of  her 
activities,  both  then  and  in  her  subsequent  life, 
is  accurately  detailed.  As  a  result,  we  find  the 
Florence  Nightingale  of  our  traditional  knowl- 
edge replaced  by  a  somewhat  different,  but  a 
more  human,  and,  we  venture  to  think,  a  much 
greater  character, — one  in  whom  the  self-devo- 
tion and  passionate  tenderness  of  heart  towards 
the  distressed,  for  which  she  has  always  been  im- 
mortalized, were  combined  with  an  unswerving 
singleness  of  aim,  a  wide  clarity  of  judgment, 
and  immense  powers  of  organization  and  exeou* 
tion  that  initiated  and  carried  out  far-reaching 
reforms.  Her  story,  as  here  learned,  is  not 
alone  that  hackneyed  theme,  familiar  to  us  all, 
of  a  gifted  and  gentle  lady,  who,  moved  with 
patriotic  pity,  braved  the  dangers  of  the  seat  of 
war  for  the  sake  of  helping  the  distressed  sol- 
diers of  a  beloved  Queen,  and  who  became  there- 
after the  popular  heroine  of  the  Victorian  Age. 
The  secret  of  her  immense  popularity  and  of 


the  laating  greatness  of  her  name  has  had  a 
more  logical  foundation  and  a  deeper  root  than 
conld  have  been  pouible  from  the  fruits  of  any 
single  action.  For  in  this  case,  as  so  often,  vox 
popvli  vox  Dei  est. 

_  From  this  new  biography  we  learn  that  her 
life  before  that  Crimean  climax  was  one  long 
struggling  preparation  and  battling  through  of 
the  many  barriers  raised  alike  by  social  preju- 
dice and  domestic  affections  towards  the  voca- 
tion that  she  felt  was  hers,  though  she  knew  not 
how  or  when  it  might  come  to  her,  but  which, 
when  it  came,  found  her  ready,  with  prejudices 
defeated,  expert  training  secured,  spiritually 
and  mentally  waiting  for  one  of  the  great  med- 
ical and  military  crises  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, that  was  to  be  hers  to  control  and  to 
subdue.  Nor,  after  the  crisis  in  the  East  was 
over,  did  she  subside  into  the  gentle  inaction  of 
an  invalid  chamber,  as  has  been  popularly 
thought,  but  from  that  chamber,  battling  with 
the  physical  illness  that  remained  after  her  ex- 
ertions in  the  Crimea,  and  that  threatened  her 
life  many  times,  she  proceeded  unrestingly  to 
the  solution  of  those  many  pressing  problems 
by  which  medical  science  was  revolntionized  by 
her  in  various  directions. 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  absolutely  Herculean 
labors  of  Florence  Nightingale,  invalided  in 
body,  but  of  indomitable  will,  after  her  return 
from  the  Crimea,  the  terrible  lessons  of  the  war 
would  have  remained  unlearned  by  the  British 
nation,  and  the  great  reforms  in  the  hygiene 
of  the  British  army,  sanitary  science  both  in  the 
East  and  West,  hospital  construction,  and  last 
but  not  least,  in  the  profession  of  tie  gentT%  art 
of  nursing, — reforms  which  she  instituted,  or- 
ganized, and  actually  dictated  to  Court  and 
Ministers  alike,— would  not  have  been  carried 
out,  and  the  many  wrongs  she  righted  would 
have  remained  for  the  sufferings  of  a  later  gen- 
eration to  retrieve.     In  the  face  of  her  pro- 


longed  illness,  the  heroism  that  struggled  and 
won  succtts  for  those  reforms  was  on  a  higher 
plane  than  that  by  which  she  won  the  nation's 
praise  at  Scutari  and  Balaklava. 

It  is  this  new  and  immensely  heroic  present- 
ment  of  her  genius,  so  evident  now  that  the  trne 
story  of  her  life  is  unveiled  to  us,  that  I  would 
endeavor  to  reflect  here.  In  the  words  of  a 
recent  essayist,  the  Crimean  episode,  truly  seen, 
is  only  an  incident  in  her  career.  Her  title  to 
rank  among  the  great  figures  of  history  would 
have  been  as  unchallengeable  without  that 
tremendous  chapter.  For  her  work  was  not 
passing,  but  permanent ;  not  incidental,  but 
fundamental. 

THE    POBTBAITS. 

The  series  of  portraits,  which  form  an  illus- 
trative basis  for  this  article,  have  been  drawn 
from  various  sources,  which  are  acknowledged 
below  each.  The  writer's  thanks  are  also  due 
to  the  late  Mr.  J.  B.  Learmont,  who  made  a 
collection  of  Nightingale  memorabilia,  and  pre- 
sented several  of  the  fine  engravings  reproduced 
here,  to  various  institutions  in  Montreal;  to 
Miss  Helen  Desbrisay  of  the  Canadian  Nurses' 
Association  for  much  valuable  information ;  and 
especially  to  Dr.  Harvey  Cushing,  to  whose  in- 
terest and  through  whose  kind  cooperation  the 
publication  of  this  article  in  its  present  form 
is  due. 

In  the  following  paragraphs  an  attempt  is 
made  to  group,  under  the  periods  in  t.  hicb  these 
various  portraits  fall,  a  short  biographical  out- 
line of  the  main  facts,  or  rather  factors,  in  the 
development  of  Miss  Nightingale's  character 
and  work,  and  of  their  far-reaching  results. 


THE    CHILDHOOD    OF 
FLORENCE    NIGHTINGALE 

1820-1835 

Plates  I  and  II 


The  Childhood  of  Florence  Nlghtlngtle 


Florence  Nightingale  was  bom  in  Florence, 
Italy,  in  the  year  1820,  during  a  winter's  so- 
joom  of  her  parents  there.  One  of  two  only 
daughters  of  wealthy  parents,  she  was  brought 
up  in  all  the  luxurious  refinement  of  the  beat 
tjrpe  of  English  home,  in  the  midst  of  a  large 
and  affectionate  family  connection,  in  an  en- 
vironment enriched  by  all  the  intellectual  ad- 
vantages and  the  happiness  that  such  circum- 
stances could  bring.  Bom,  as  it  may  be  said,  a 
democrat,  she  quickly  learned  to  discount  the 
iuportance  of  these  things  in  themselves,  and 
yet  her  life  was  colored  throughout  by  these 
early  relations,  which  gave  her,  in  the  wide  ex- 
perience of  suffering  and  distress  that  came  to 
her  in  later  years,  a  sense  of  proportionate 
values,  and  a  capacity  of  taking  herself  and 
others  for  granted,  that  was  one  of  the  ele- 
ments in  her  power,  and  that  could  probably 
have  come  to  her  in  no  other  way.  The  rich 
English  scenery,  too,  in  which  she  lived  through- 
out her  childhood  and  girlhood  days,  and  in 
which  she  revelled  consciously,  even  as  a  little 
child,  must  have  sunk  deep  into  her  observant 
and  sensitive  nature,  and  been  to  the  great  spir- 
itual powers  lying  dormant  there,  as  springs  of 
water  in  a  thirsty  land.  For  there  are  few 
more  beautiful  homes  and  surroundings  in  Eng- 
land than  the  estates  of  Lea  Hurst  in  Derby- 
shire, and  Embley  in  Surrey,  on  which,  with  his 
family,  Mr.  Nightingale  passed  alternately  the 
winter  and  summer  months  of  every  year. 

The  two  sisters  were  the  objects  of  much  ten- 
der personal  care  from  their  parents.  Mrs. 
Nightingale  was  a  woman  who  accepted  and  ad- 
hered strictly  to  the  religious  and  social  con- 
ventions of  her  day,  but,  within  their  limits, 
0 


Pl.«Ti   I.     Mm.   Kiciiiinoalb   and   II»   Dacbhtmb,  18!8. 
Frpm  .   poMr.it   in   Ih*  po««.,on  of  M™.   Cunliffe.  a.,d   r.pro,I„o«l   In   Sir   Edu-rd   C«k'. 
Mfe  of   Klorence  NightiiiBBle.  «-«»«■ 


»ho  wa»  prompt  and  grneroiu  in  the  exercise  of 
a  philinthropy  tliet  devolved  u  a  duty  upon 
an  Englishwoman  of  her  means  and  position. 
Both  her  dau^thtcrs  were  early  permitted  to 
share  in  their  mother's  solicitude  for  the  poor  of 
their  father's  estate,  and  to  accompany  her  on 
errands  of  help  among  them.  Such  activitiea 
appealed  especially  to  Florence,  who  quickly  re- 
vealed her  innate  sympathy  for  the  sick,  phil- 
anthropic bent,  and  deeply  religious  nature.  The 
contrast  between  the  lot  of  rich  and  poor  struck 
her  then,  as  it  continued  to  do  with  incrraslng 
force  throughout  life,  as  an  incongruity,  and 
her  childish  diaries  and  letters  contain  naive 
comparisona  and  comments.  She  was  a  healthy 
child,  fond  of  a  frolic,  and  not  free  from  un- 
regenerate  impulses  towards  unsympathetic 
governesses,  yet,  on  the  whole,  serious-minded, 
and  a  little  self-absorbed,  with  a  tendency  to 
introspection  that  sometimes  verged  upon  the 
morbid,  and  an  inclination  to  telittle  herself 
and  her  powers,  that  arose  partly  out  of  a  con- 
scientious knowledge  of  her  own  shortcomings, 
and  partly  from  a  natural  shyness,  amounting 
almost  to  self-consciousnesB. 

Her  love  for  animals  was  very  strong,  and  she 
had  a  succession  of  pets,  which  she  cherished 
aick  or  well.  The  story  of  the  injured  collie 
dog,  which  had  been  regretfnily  condemned  to  he 
hanged  by  his  master,  because  of  a  hopelessly 
broken  paw,  and  which  she  tended  under  the 
guidance  of  the  vicar,  all  one  long  summer  day, 
until  the  prospect  of  healing  was  assured  and 
the  delighted  shepherd  acknowledged  his  right 
to  live,  is  almost  too  hackneyed  to  repeat.  But 
it  is  a  true  story,  and  is  of  interest,  because  it  is 
intensely  characteristic  of  a  little  girl  who, 
many  years  later,  refused  to  give  up  the  lives 
of  the  five  Crimean  soldiers  who  were  pro- 
nounced "too  tar  gone  to  be  operated  on." 
"Will  you  give  me  these  men  to  do  as  I  like 
with?"  she  asked  of  the  surgeons  as  they 
11 


turned  awty.  And,  the  neoeaury  conieDt  ub- 
tained,  ih*:  Mt  alt  night  through  betide  them, 
tending  their  wounds  and  lupporting  them  vith 
food  and  Htimulant,  with  such  lucceu,  that 
when  morning  came,  the  lurg&uoi,  with  sur* 
priaed  relief,  were  able  to  carry  out  what 
would  earlier  have  been  a  nieleai  tiak.  One 
wonder*  if  the  adoring  affection  in  the  eyea  of 
the  gentle  collie  equalled  the  gratitude  in  the 
hearts  of  those  poor  wounded  men  I 

Like  many  of  his  vircle,  for  he  belonged  to 
that  interesting  Unitarian  group  among  whom 
the  Martineaus  were  so  prominent,  Mr.  Night- 
ingale held  views  on  the  higher  education  of 
women  that  were  far  in  advance  of  hia  time. 
He  personally  supervised  the  education  of  his 
(laughters,  himself  teaching  them,  as  they  grew 
older,  modern  languages  and  classics,  European 
and  Constitutional  History,  and  even  higher 
mathematics.  They  wrote  essays  and  analyzed 
philosophical  treatises,  pursuing  much  the 
same  course  of  study,  under  his  tutorship,  an 
would  be  followed  mm  for  a  uriiv*'r«ity  degree. 
Florence  was  an  ardent  and  laborious  student, 
arising  often  at  four  in  the  morning  to  carry 
out  her  preparations,  and,  as  Sir  Edward  Cook 
remarks,  to  her  father's  guidance  in  these  ways 
she  was  undoubtedly  indebted  for  the  mental 
grasp  and  power  of  intellectual  concentration 
that  distinguished  her  work  in  later  life. 

Conscientious  to  a  degree,  imbued  with  a  feel- 
ing  of  responsibility  and  a  religious  sense  of 
self -dedication  that  developed  in  her  very  early 
years,  absorbed  in  a  round  of  studies,  duties, 
and  pleasures  provided  by  her  wim'  yet  indul- 
gent parents,  Florence  Nightingale  grew  from 
an  engaging  child  into  the  "girl  of  sixteen  of 
great  promise"  that  a  contemporary  letter  de- 
scribes. 


GIRLHOOD  AND  EARLY 
WOMANHOOD 

1835-1853 

Ptitea  III,  IV,  V,  VI 


Girlhood  and  Early  Womanhood 


In  1837,  when  his  younjter  daughter  was 
seventeen,  Mr.  Nightingale  took  his  family  to 
the  Continent,  and  eighteen  delightful  months 
were  spent  in  leisurely  travel  through  France, 
Italy  and  Switzerland,  Everywhere  the  best 
social,  artistic,  rauBical,  literary  and  political 
circles  were  open  to  them,  and  they  entered 
heartily  into  the  complex  foreign  life  about 
them.  The  tour  ended  with  a  winter  in  Paris, 
where,  in  the  brilliant  salons  of  their  friends, 
the  two  charming  girls  discovered  themselves 
both  attractive  and  attracted.  Freed  from  the 
shyness  that  had  troubled  her,  Florence  found 
she  had  social  gifts  of  a  high  order,  and  con- 
fesses in  her  diary  that  the  last  temptation  she 
had  to  overcome,  before  she  was  free  to  inter- 
pret that  insistent  inner  call,  was  a  "desire  to 
shine  in  society." 

All  this  was  pleasant  eiiuunh.  and  tiiere  was 
no  reason  to  suppose  at  this  time  that  Florence 
Nightingale  would  do  otherwise  than  fulfil  the 
expectations  of  her  parents,  and  be  content  to 
live  out  the  life  of  a  happy  English  giA,  and 
later,  perhaps,  become  the  wife  of  some  good 
and  worthy  man.  It  was  only  after  th'"!  •  return 
to  England,  and  a  short  London  sea&un,  when 
they  were  settled  again  in  the  midst  of  the  busy 
liospitality  of  their  country  home,  that  a  sense 
of  the  inadequacy  of  the  social  pleasares  and 
domestic  joys  that  surrounded  her  came  upon 
her.  It  was  to  increase  with  the  years,  until, 
long  before  she  attained  her  freedom,  she  strug- 
gled against  the  restrictions  that  bound  her, 
with  all  the  restlessness  of  a  caged  bird.  The 
very  happiness  of  the  home  that  sheltered  her, 
and  the  warmth  of  its  affections,  were  gilded 
17 


I'l-ATE  III,     Florenci  Muiitinu«i.i 


bars  against  which  she  almost  broke  her  heart. 
To  understand  the  nature  and  the  greatness  of 
this  part  of  Miss  Nightingale's  achievement,  that 
consisted  in  surmounting  the  obstacles  that  lay 
in  the  way  of  her  preparation,  one  must  project 
oneself  in  imagination  into  the  age  in  which 
she  lived,  seventy  years  ago,  when  it  was  an 
unheard-of  thing  for  a  beautiful  and  accom- 
plished girl  to  do  anything  outside  of  the  pre- 
cincts of  her  home.  Her  mother  and  sister,  af- 
fectionate as  they  were,  did  not  even  under- 
stand her  impulse,  and  when  at  last  it  formu- 
lated itself  into  a  distinct  sense  of  a  vocation 


to  care  for  the  sick,  as  it  did  when  she  wa^ 
twenty-fivp,  they  felt  towards  it  a  real  dis- 
favor. Nor  can  one  blame  them,  remembering 
the  low  standards  of  hospital  life  of  those  days 
and  the  degraded  type  of  nurse.  She  was  an 
affectionate  and  dutiful  daughter,  and  yielded 
to  ht'r  parents'  wishes  for  many  years,  doing 
her  best  to  be  happy  and  to  make  others  happy, 
in  what  was  to  her  a  ceaseless  round  of  trivial- 
ities, and  often  suffering  intensely  from  the 
sense  of  frustration  of  her  higher  self.  For,  in 
addition  to  the  fact  that  there  were  great 
powers  of  organization  and  execution  ferment- 
ing in  her  mind,  which  at  that  time  had  no 
outlet,  and  that  she  was  swayv  '  by  a  really 
passionate  altruism,  Florence  Nightingale  was 
distinctl.  conscious,  as  much  so  as  any  other 
saint  in  history,  of  a  "  call  to  be  a  saviour, ' '  as 
she  expresses  it  more  than  once  in  her  diaries. 
In  an  autobi(^raphical  fragment,  written  in 
1867,  she  mentions  February  7th.  1837,  at 
Embley.  as  the  day  when  "God  called  me  to 
His  service,"  and  several  times  this  period  is 
referred  to  as  one  of  the  chief  crises  of  her 
inner  life.  It  was  the  sense  of  defection  to  this 
inner  call  during  these  years  of  abeyance,  under 
which  she  suffered  most.  Her  father  was  a  Uni- 
tarian, but  she  and  her  mother  and  sister  fol- 
lowed the  usages  of  the  Church  of  England. 
Later  in  life  her  theological  opinions  became 
very  broad,  and  she  may  be  said  to  have  eon- 
formed  to  no  dogma  except  the  existence  of  a 
personal  God,  but  she  maintained  throughout 
her  life  this  deeply  religious  attitude  of  mind, 
and  this  fact  must  be  recognized  in  any  true 
estimate  of  her  life  and  work.  In  no  other  way 
is  to  be  explained  her  humility  of  spirit,  which 
may  be  likened  to  that  of  St.  Francis  of  Assiai, 
and  her  dislike  of  public  acknowledgment, 
which  sprang  not  only  from  natural  modesty, 
but  from  an  inner  principle. 


10 


lULB     (ABOL'T     18*5), 


From  an  engraving  In  the  p(isiw«ion  of  Miw  I.ivingitiinp. 
LbiIv  Siiiierlntendent  of  the  Montreal  (ienerttl  HospiUI, 
Monlreal,  from  a  drawing  by  II.  M.  B.  C.  piibliahed  Nov. 
28th.  ISTit,  by  P.   ai«l   D.  Colnaithi.  London. 

It  was  willi  Hu  affectionate  hope  of  distract- 
ing her  from  her  tiresome  purpose,  and  with  an 
entire  lack  of  sympathy  in  her  feeling,  that  her 
mother  and  sister  planned  and  arranged  several 
continental  trips  for  her  with  congenial  friends. 
The  winter  of  1847  was  spent  in  Rome,  with 
her  friends  the  Bracehridges,  who  afterwards. 


served  with  her  in  the  Crimea.  It  was  an 
eventful  year  for  the  future  of  her  desire  in 
more  than  one  respect.  In  Rome  she  met  the 
Sydney  Herberts,  and  began  that  friendship 
with  Lord  Ilerlwrt,  that  was  so  fruitful  in  great 
results  in  the  Crimea  and  after.  And  she  be- 
came  intimate  with  and  studied  the  methods  of 
an  Italian  nursing  sisterhood.  Moreover,  it  was 
a  time  of  great  happiness  in  other  ways,  for  her 
appreciation  of  the  beautiful  was  intense.  The 
Sistine  Chapel  came  to  her  as  a  revelation,  and 
remained  as  one  until  the  end  of  her  life.  Her 
description  f»f  it  is  cxfjU'^'it*'- 

The  winter  of  1849-1850  she  again  spent  trav- 
elling, this  time  in  Egypt  and  Greece.  It  was 
at  Athens  that  she  picked  up  a  baby  owl  that 
had  fallen  among  the  ruins  of  the  ParthenoiL. 
She  carried  it  in  her  pocket,  and  brought  it 
home  to  Embley,  where  it  lived  for  years.  A 
small  tragedy  of  her  departure  for  the  Crimea, 
was  that  the  family,  in  leaving  town  to  see  her 
off,  forgot  to  feed  the  owl,  which  was  dead  on 
their  return.  The  portrait  hy  Lady  Vcrriey 
(Plate  V)  shows  the  owl  on  the  pedestal  beside 
her,  and  it  is  carved,  too,  on  the  foot  of  the 
l)crl)y  iiii-riioriHl  stHtue. 

It  was  on  her  way  back  to  England  from 
Greece,  on  July  31  1850,  that  she  first  visited 
the  Deaconesses  Institute  at  Kaiserwerth  on  the 
Rhine.  This  had  been  the  goal  of  her  desires 
for  the  last  six  years,  and  repeatedly  her  hopes 
to  see  it  had  met  with  disappointment.  It  was  a 
Protestant  Sisterhood,  organized  by  Pastor 
Fliedner  and  his  wife,  for  the  care  of  the  sick 
poor,  and  discharged  prisoners,  and  for  the 
education  of  orphans,  along  lines  which  ap- 
pealed intensely  to  her.  The  deaconesses  took 
no  vows,  but  came  voluntarily,  because  they  felt 
a  vocation.  She  spent  a  fortniprht  in  the  insti- 
tution then,  and  returned  the  following  summer 
(18-51).  the  free  consent  of  her  parents  having 


21 


■TV 

^uim  I'li   ill 

Kruiii    an    tmtraviiiB    ii)   the    pu»he»i(i 
Order   <>{   NiirMA,    Montrettl,    from 
Lsdy    \eTTity,    publlihed   Ji 


— ^-1    (he    Victorian 

111   M   drawing   by   her   Bbter, 
lSn5,    by   Culnmghl. 


at  last  been  obtained,  for  three  months'  train- 
ing. In  the  bard  work,  long  hours,  and  ascetic 
simplicity  of  the  life,  as  Vi'ell  as  in  the  high- 
minded  admonitions  of  the  pastor,  she  took  the 
deepest  delight,  and  pronounced  herself  at  last 


"inteiiKely  happy."  It  was  a  turning-point  in 
her  career,  for  she  came  to  feel  there  that  her 
life  was  at  last  her  own,  and  the  time  for  in- 
decision and  yieldinft  was  past.  There  were  still 
difficulties  and  doubts  at  home,  but  she  was  no 
longer  restless,  but  assured.  February  of  1853 
saw  her  established  at  the  Soeurs  de  la  Provi- 
dence in  Paris  for  another  short  pt'rioil  of 
study,  ami  in  July  of  that  year  she  took  lier  first 
post,  as  superintendent  of  the  "Sick  Gov- 
ernesses' Iloiiie"  on  IlaHey  Street.  Here  she 
remained,  winning  the  confidence  of  a -difficult 
committee,  and  a  still  more  difficult  class  of 
patients,  until  a  short  time  after  the  outbreak 
of  the  Crimean  War. 

In  this  little  sketch  of  Florence  Nightingale, 
during  her  time  of  aspiration  and  probation, 
there  are  many  aspects  that  have  not  been 
touched  upon  at  all.  Her  character  was  indeed 
fair  and  pure,  as  these  early  portraits  well 
show,  but  there  were  shadows  as  well  as  lights 
within  it.  The  acquirement,  for  instance,  of  the 
remarkable  habits  of  precision,  regularity  and 
methwl  that  characterized  her  later  years  was 
attained  only  through  difficult  stumbling.  "Let 
those,"  says  Sir  Edward  Cook,  "who  reproach 
themselves  for  a  desuitoriness,  seemingly  incur- 
able, take  heart  again  from  the  example  of  Flor- 
ence Nightingale !  No  self-reproach  recurt-  more 
often  in  her  private  outpourings  at  this  time, 
than  that  of  irregularity  and  even  sloth.  She 
found  it  difficult  to  rise  early  in  the  morning; 
she  prayed  and  wrestled  to  be  delivered  from 
desultory  thoughts,  from  idle  dreaming,  from 
scrappiness  in  unseltish  work.  She  wrestled, 
and  she  won."  To  her  again  the  palm  of  vic- 
tory! 

Again,  the  unfultilled  longing  that  so  long 
possessed  her  for  practical  expression  of  her 
powers  and  mission,  and  her  habits  of  self- 
examination  and  of  religous  thought,  did  not 
prevent  her  from  sharing  in  a  very  full  way  the 


Cute   VI.     Ploukcr  Ni(iiiTiNiiAi.K. 
t'tnm    a    paint iii|t    in   the    Kational    Portrait    Gallery,    by 
AiifTUMiiii   Ebk.    H'   a.,   and  rcpmdiii'i'd   In   the   Mfe  ul   llar- 
erKS  MKhtii^ale  by  Annie  UathcMin. 

life  that  went  on  about  her.  Florence  Nightin- 
gale was  no  sad-eyed  ascetic.  We  hear  of  her 
managing  private  theatricals,  mothering  young 
cousins,  nursing  maiden  aunts,  absorbed  in 
housekeepinf^  responsibilities,  sympathizing 
with  the  love  affairs  of  friends,  and  a  host  of 
other  things.  No  happiness  could  exceed  that 
of  that  winter  in  Rome. 
24 


Nor  did  she  escape  that  experience  that  comes 
to  almost  every  man  and  woman  in  life.  She 
was  Hought  in  marrinfie.  long  and  persistently, 
by  one  with  whom  her  own  heart  was  engaged. 
With  a  clear-sightedness,  bom  of  her  consecra- 
tion to  Hii  ideal  Ntniufrer  and  hiKhcr  than  licr- 
self,  she  put  this  form  of  earthly  happiness  be- 
hind her,  feeling  that  she  could  not  do  her  duty 
to  him  and  to  her  work.  Not  from  nny  belittle- 
ment  of  the  married  state,  nor  from  any  lack 
of  knowledge  of  what  the  higher  kind  of  mar- 
riage might  mean  to  them  both  did  she  act,  but 
in  the  same  spirit  that  prompted  Saint  Theresa 
or  Santa  Filomena.  One  of  the  most  touching 
of  her  good-bye  letters  before  si  i  left  for  the 
Crimea  was  from  this  friend.  "You  undertake 
this,"  he  wrote,  "when  you  cannot  undertake 


Ill 

THE  PERIOD  OF  THE  CRIMEAN  WAR 

October,  1854,  to  August,  IHSa 

Plate  VII 


The  Period  of  the  Crimctn  Wir 


Thin  |K>rtnit,*  nne  of  the  bwt  known  of  tlii' 
esrlier  picturm  of  Mw  Nightinfil«,  thowt  her, 
in  frarb  tnd  vtuge  of  the  pn-Crimean  days, 
•eated  on  what  ii  evidently  a  portico  at  Scu- 
tari, overlookini;  theStraitH  tuwanlit  (Juuittanti- 
nople.  "I  have  not  been  out  of  the  Hoapital 
yet,"  she  wrote,  ten  days  after  her  arrival,  "but 
the  moat  beautiful  view  in  all  the  world  ties,  I 
believe,  outside  my  door." 

Aa  will  be  remembered,  the  Crimean  War  waa 
waited  between  Ruaaia  and  Turkey,  with  Great 
Britain  and  Franco  rantred  aa  allit's  on  the  lat- 
ter side.  The  battlefield  was  the  Crimean 
peninsula  on  the  northeaatern  border  of  the 
Black  Sea,  and  the  bloodshed  waa  so  gnAt  aa  to 
almost  parallel  the  horrors  of  today.  The  Brit* 
\nh  public  accepted  with  resignation  the  news 
of  the  sacrifices  in  the  ticld.  But  it  met  in  a 
flifferent  spirit  the  alarming  reports  that  fol- 
lowed immediately  upon  the  news  of  the  Battle 
of  Alma,  fought  on  S«?ptember  20,  1854,  of  the 
ravages  which  neglect  and  diseaae  were  making 
amonp  the  multitude  of  the  wounded,  under  the 
complete  lack  of  sanitatiou  that  provr.iled 
among  the  British  troops.  Not  only  were  the 
hospital  Hupplit'N,  that  had  been  freely  sent  out. 
unavailable  for  use  through  misunderstandings 
with  the  Turkish  customs  and  other  stu- 
pidities, so  that  the  men  were  unclothed  and 
unfed,  and  all  sanitary  measures  neglected,  but 
there  was  an  entire  lack  of  proper  attendance 
for  the  sick,  the  skilled  female  nurses  employed 
by  their  French  allies  providing  an  invidioas 
comparison.  A  letter  to  the  Times  from  its  cor- 
respondent, William  Howard  Russell,  exposing 


these  defects  in  no  measured  terms,  and  calling 
upon  £ngland  for  redress,  evoked  a  storm  of  in- 
dipiation  that  swept  the  country.  Miss  Night- 
ingale's training  and  personality  were  well 
known  to  a  large  circle  of  influential  friends, 
and.  moreover,  her  excellent  administration  of 
the  •'(Jovcrncsscs"  Ilonic"  liad  brought  her  into 
touch  with  another  side  of  the  philanthropic 
public.  The  letter  to  the  Times  appeared  on 
October  12.  On  October  14,  under  the  action 
of  a  small  committee,  headed  by  Lady  Maria 
Forester,  she  wrote  to  her  friend  Lord  Sydney 
Herbert,  who  was  then  iMinister  at  tTHfTasking 
■^or  authority  to  go  out  at  her  own  expense  at 
thf  hfad  of  a  small  hand  of  five  nurses.  It  is 
one  of  the  coincidences  of  history  thait  her  letter 
to  Lord  IlerlMTt  crossed  one  from  hiiri  to  her, 
asking  her,  in  the  name  of  the  British  War 
Office,  to  undertake  this  task,  and  urging  her 
acceptance  of  it  on  the  ground  that  she  was  the 
only  person  in  England  who  could  make  it  a 
success,  and  promising  her  undivided  authority 
over  the  "Female  military  nursing  establish- 
ments in  the  East"  and  unlimited  supplies. 
On  October  21,  five  days  after  the  matter  was 
formally  settled,  she  sailed  for  the  East  at  the 
head  of  tliirty-eight  nurses,  of  whom  twenty- 
four  belonged  to  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Angli- 
can sisterhoods  and  the  renifiinder  were  un- 
trained. During  these  five  days  of  selection  of 
candidates  and  all  the  mass  of  detail  involved 
in  the  organization  of  such  an  expedition,  as 
also  in  all  the  exigencies  of  the  uncomfortable 
voyage  out,  the  most  noteworthy  thing  about 
Miss  Nightingale  was  her  absolute  calm,  and 
her  quiet  control  of  the  situation. 

The  groups  of  military  hospitals  in  the  East 
bore  to  each  other  something  of  the  relationship 
that  the  field  and  base  hospitals  of  our  forces  do 
now.  On  the  Crimean  peninsula,  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  the  conflict  and  amongst 
the  adjacent  hills,  there  were,  in  addition  to  the 


regimental  dressing-stations,  four  large  general 
hospitals,  some  established  in  huts,  others  in 
buildings.  On  the  opposite,  that  is,  the  south- 
western, side  of  the  Black  Sea,  acr  r-  the  Bos- 
phorus  from  Constantinople  .uid  ^  "jiIoulHng 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  were  the  J.ree  great  Rn* 
ish  military  hospitals  of  St'ut:  >'i.  iwo  nt'  v^'iich 
the  General  and  Barrack  Hosi  ua!-,  were  uad(  - 
the  jurisdiction  of  Miss  Nigiti.,»rlp.  is  alf.j 
were  all  the  hospitals  in  the  Crimea,  auu  for  a 
time  those  at  Koulali,  four  miles  distant  from 
Scutari.  It  was  to  the  great  Barrack  Hospital 
of  Scutari  that  she  came  on  arrival,  and  tiiere 
she  had  her  headquarters.  The  abuses  com- 
plained of  in  the  Times  were  especially  evident 
here  because  of  the  great  overcrowding,  the 
more  unhealthy  situation,  the  prevalence  of 
cholera  and  other  infections,  and  the  fact  that 
the  means  of  transport  across  the  Black  Sea 
was  very  poor,  so  that  the  wounded  arrived  at 
Scutari  in  the  last  stages  of  exhaustion,  in  a 
(condition  when  the  lack  of  suitable  food  and 
the  general  inefficiency  worked  greater  havoc. 
The  party  arrived  at  Scutari  on  November  4, 
lHr)4.  The  Battle  of  Balaklava  had  been  fought 
on  October  25,  and  that  of  Tnkerman  on  the 
day  before  their  arrival,  and  the  wounded  were 
pouring  in.  The  hospital  was  a  huge  place, 
capable  of  accommodating  over  2000  patients 
(the  maximum  at  one  time  was  2434,  on  De- 
cember 28.  18n;i).  and  containinp.  in  its  over- 
crowded state,  over  four  miles  of  beds,  eighteen 
inches  apart.  In  a.  letter  written  on  November 
14,  Miss  Nightingale  writes  that  there  were  1715 
sick  and  wounded  (among  whom  were  120  chol- 
era patients),  in  this  haspital,  and  650  in  the 
other  building,  called  the  Qeneral  Hospital,  of 
which  they  also  had  charge,  "when  a  message 
came  to  prepare  for  510  wounded  arriving  in 
half  an  hour  from  the  dreadful  affair  at  Bala- 
klava. Between  one  and  nine  o'clock  we  had  the 
mattresses  stuffed,  sewn  up,  laid  upon  the  floor, 


the  nipri  waslieil  hihI  put  to  bed,  and  their 
wounds  dressed."  It  was  with  such  numbers 
and  with  similar  emergeneies,  under  circum- 
stanees  of  extreme  complexity,  that  Miss  Night- 
ingale had  to  cope,  during  that  first  six  months. 
The  fact  that  there  was  gross  maladministra- 
tion in  every  department  of  these  hospitals  at 
the  time  of  her  arrival,  has  been  elearly  estab- 
lished by  the  Royal  ('ommission  appointed  at 
the  time.  The  trouble  was  partly  due  to  an  or- 
ganization witliout  central  authority,  partly  to 
gross  ignoranee  of  ordinary  hygiene,  partly  to 
the  want  of  the  woman's  touch,  and  in  part 
doubtless  to  the  real  lack  of  capaeity  of  certain 
officials  to  deal  with  a  novel  situation.  Miss 
Nightingale  brought  all  her  powers  of  tact, 
courage,  judgment  and  resolution  to  meet  the 
exigencies  of  the  ease.  The  large  public  funds 
that  had  been  placed  at  her  disposal  by  the 
Times  and  other  sources,  as  well  as  her  own 
private  income,  enabled  her  to  tide  over  a  situa- 
tiiiti  otherwise  hopeless;  but  the  problem  re- 
mained to  meet  these  urgent  necessities  within 
tlie  limitations  set  by  military  rigidity  and  pro- 
fessional jealousy,  for  she  realized  from  the  out- 
set that  strict  discipline  must  be  observed  by 
herself,  and  a  proper  sulmrdination  to  the  me<i- 
ical  officera  in  charge.  Much  has  been  said  if 
her  "iricgular"  methods  of  cutting  the  Gordian 
knots  of  her  dilemmas  by  supplies  from  her  own 
reserves  or  by  deliberate  and  unauthorized  in- 
vasion of  the  purveyor's  stores.  Hut  she  never 
neglected  to  .support  such  action  by  a  medical 
re«|uisltion,  and  investigation  shows  that  she 
never  set  authority  causelessly  aside.  Rather 
she  had  the  insight  of  that  perfect  discipline, 
which  recognizes  the  point  at  which  the  break- 
ing of  the  Ifftrr  Is  the  fulfilment  of  the  spirit 
of  the  law  I 

Many  of  the  diflSculties  are  detailed  in  her 
letters  to  Lord  Herbert,  with  suggestions  for 
their  redress.    Thus,  on  her  arrival  there  was  no 
32 


provision  for  the  rli'  niinjf  of  the  Iiospital,  "not 
a  basin,  or  towel,  or  piece  of  soap,  op  a  broom," 
and  her  first  reijuisition  was  for  300  scrubbing 
brusliesi  The  patients'  linen  was  not  washed, 
and  the  bedding  was  only  rinsed  through  in 
cold  water,  for  the  eontraet  made  by  the  pur- 
veyor with  this  object  broke  down  before  the 
eonvoys  from  Inkertiian  eanie  in.  Ilcr  first  step 
was  the  renting  and  equipping  of  a  Turkish 
iiouse  m  a  laundry,  and  the  placing  of  the  sol- 
diers' wives  at  the  washtubs.  There  was  no 
clothing  ill  the  purveytir's  stores,  while,  by  a 
curious  eonmiand,  the  soldiers  had  been  re- 
(Hiired  to  leave  their  knapsacks  before  the 
Aiina,  in  order  to  "march  light"  towards  Sebas- 
to|)(»l.  In  eon.se<|uence  tiie  wounded  arrived 
half  naked  and  destitute  of  kit  wherewith  to 
leave  the  hospital,  "I  am  clothing  the  British 
Army,"  she  wrote.  Again,  nti  her  arrival  she 
found  the  entire  cookiiig  done  in  thirteen  huge 
boilers,  with  no  provision  whatever  for  extra 
diets  or  special  delicacies  betwci-n  times,  and. 
by  an  extremity  of  red-tapeism,  the  rations 
were  served  raw  in  small  quantities  for  each  pa- 
tient. "This  practice,"  writes  Miss  Nightin- 
gale to  Lord  Herbert,  "seems  invented  on  pur- 
pose to  waste  the  time  of  as  many  orderlies  as 
possible,  and  it  makes  the  patiente'  meals  late, 
because  it  is  impossible  to  get  the  diets  thus 
drawn,  cooked  before  three  or  four  o'clock.  The 
scene  of  confusion,  delay,  and  disappointment, 
where  all  these  raw  diets  are  being  weighed  out 
by  twos,  and  threes,  and  fours,  is  impossible  to 
conceive,  unless  one  has  seen  it,  as  I  have,  day 
by  day.  Why  should  not  the  ('ommissariat  .sciu! 
at  once  the  amount  of  meat,  etc.,  required,  to 
the  kitchens, without  passing  through  this  inter- 
mediate stage  of  drawing  by  orderlies?"  One 
of  the  most  important  measures  introduced  by 
her  at  the  Barrack  Hospital,  was  the  opening, 
within  10  days  of  her  arrival,  of  two  extra  diet- 
kitchens,  and  the  placing  of  three  supplemen- 


/ 


tapy  boilers  for  arrowroot  on  various  stair- 
cases. A  few  months  later  the  great  Soyer 
joined  her  as  a  volunteer,  and  took  over  the 
maoaniement  of  this  invaluable  part  of  the  worlt. 
And  so  with  a  thousand  other  details  of  man- 
agement and  equipment.  She  organized  relief 
measures  for  the  women  camp  followers,  pro- 
vided reading  rooms  for  convalescent  soldiers, 
engaged  and  superintended  200  builders  in  the 
emergenc.v  repair  of  a  large  part  of  the  hos- 
pital, trained  orderlies  in  sanitary  measures, 
and  herself  did  the  work  many  times  of  a  sani- 
tary engineer,  everywhere  applying  the  ex- 
pert's  touch.  But  all  this  would  have  been  in- 
effectual had  she  not  had  behind  her  own  ac- 
tion the  intellijient  and  informed  power  of 
those  in  anthority  at  home.  Her  long  days 
wer  follGwed  by  nights  of  letter-writing,  when 
she  indicated  clearly  to  high  sources  what  the 
necessary  reforms  were,  and  just  how  they 
should  be  carried  out.  Not  only  had  she  the 
loyal  support  of  Lord  Herbert  and  his  col- 
leagues, but  the  Queen  herself  was  behind  the 
prompt  execution  of  her  suggestions,  and  this 
was  one  of  the  most  important  sources  of  what 
was  called  by  her  enemies  "The  Nightingale 
Power.''  Among  other  measures  enacted  at  her 
suggestion,  it  was  due  to  the  Executive  Sanitary 
Commission,  appointed  in  the  winter  of  1855, 
to  act  with  plenary  powers  on  the  spot,  that  the 
horrible  sanitary  conditions  of  the  hospital, 
which  may  be  said  to  have  overlain  a  great  cess^ 
pool,  were  removed.  The  death  rate  fell,  an  the 
result  of  the  action  of  this  Commission,  with 
remarkable  rapidity. 

But  there  was  still  another  sidr  of  her  ac- 
tivity—and that  the  ceaseless  keynote  of  the 
whole,  to  which  all  her  functions  of  adminis- 
trator and  reformer  were,  in  a  sense,  secondary. 
"A  Ministering  Angel  Thon!"  Her  devoted 
care  of  the  patient,  personal  sympathy  fop  the 
sufferer,  skillful  tending  of  the  exhausted,  and 
34 


faithfulness  to  the  dying.— all  those  qualities 
that  went  to  make  the  Lady-in-Chief  at  once 
the  Queen  of  Nurses  and  the  adored  of  the 
wouaded  soldiery,  shone  day  and  night  through 
those  crowded  wards  at  Scutari  like  the  heam 
of  her  own  lamp ! 

In  the  spring  of  1835  Miss  Nightingale  crossed 
the  Black  Sea  to  the  Hospitals  of  the  Crimra 
and  remained  there  for  some  time.  The  phys- 
ical strain  upon  her  here  was  great,  for  the 
several  hospital  buildings  were  distant  from 
each  other,  and  she  was  obliged  tc  go  from  one 
to  another,  often  in  the  depth  of  night,  over 
rough  country  V'ith  her  strength  undermined 
by  the  strain  of  the  work  at  Scutari,  she  fell  ill 
of  Crimean  fever,  and  nearly  died.  It  was 
when  the  news  of  her  recovery  reached  an 
anxious  England,  that  the  popular  feeling  for 
her,  which  had  been  growing  stronger  ever 
since  the  day  it  was  discovered  that  the  "Mrs. 
Nightingale"  of  the  Nursing  Expedition  was  a 
young  and  beautiful  woman,  and  which  was 
being  constantly  enhanced  through  countless 
grateful  letters  home  from  wounded  and  dying 
soldiers,  burst  all  bounds,  and  a  wave  of  ten- 
derest  enthusiasm  swept  England  from  shore 
to  shore.  A  public  meeting  was  called  in  Lon- 
don  "to  give  expression  to  the  general  feeling 
that  the  services  of  Miss  Nightingale  in  the 
East  demand  the  grateful  recognition  of  the 
British  people."  The  room  was  crowded  to  suf- 
focation with  the  flower  of  England's  men  and 
women,  her  own  parents  among  them.  The 
speeches  were  beautiful,  and  were  touching  to 
a  degree  in  their  perfect  recognition  of  the 
single-minded  spirit  in  which  her  wonderful 
work  was  done.  Dearest  of  all  to  her  heart- 
perhaps  the  only  part  of  it  all  for  which  she 
really  cared  at  all— was  the  .joy  that  this  public 
recognition  of  her  work  brought  to  her  parents 
and  to  her  sister.  Lady  Verney,  long  since  rec- 
onciled to  her  purpose,  and  now  understanding 
her  at  last.  •^^ 


It  was  at  this  meeting  that  the  Nightingale 
Fund  was  inaugurated,  "to  enable  her  to  estab- 
lish and  control  an  Institution  for  the  training, 
sustenance,  and  protection  of  nurses,  paid  and 
unpaid."  This  fund  was  later  applied  by  her 
to  establish  a  training  school  for  nurses  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  The  flood  of  popular  en- 
thusiasm rolled  on  through  the  British  Domin- 
ions, and  public  meetings  in  support  of  her 
fund  were  everywhere  held.  And  the  Queen 
honored  her  with  a  beautiful  jewel,  especially 
designed  for  her  by  the  Prince  Consort. 

After  recovery  from  her  illness,  Miss  Night- 
ingale was  urged  to  return  to  England,  but  she 
insisted  on  remaining  at  her  post,  part  of  the 
time  at  Scutari  and  part  at  the  Crimea,  until 
after  the  termination  of  the  war.  It  was  on 
Au^'iist  4.  iH.jfi.  four  niontlis  after  tlie  treaty  of 
pcMce  Mils  sifTih'ti,  that  she  reached  again  Iut 
native  land. 

Public  excitement  was  intense  at  the  thought 
of  he:-  expected  return,  hut,  as  Lord  Ellramere 
htd  said,  speaking  on  May  5  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  "she  is  probably  planning  now  how 
to  escape  as  best  she  may,  on  her  return,  the 
demonstration  of  a  nation's  appreciation  of  the 
deeds  and  motives  of  Florence  Nightingale." 
She  arrived  at  Lea  Hurat  from  Paris  unrecog- 
nized, under  the  name  of  Miss  Smith,  and 
walked  unaccompanied  from  the  little  station  to 
the  protection  of  her  home. 

Disappointed  of  a  public  deuionstration,  the 
Piess  overflowed  with  admiring  tributes  in 
poetry  and  prose.  With  his  usual  timeliness, 
Mr.  Punch  published  several  excellent  poems- 
One  of  these,  which  appeared  on  August  23, 
1956,  mirrors  so  well  the  sympathetic  under- 
standing and  the  real  aifection  that  swayed  the 
British  public  of  her  day,  that  it  is  in  the  truest 
sense  historic,  and  f(*r  tliat  reason  may  W 
quoted  here. 


•THK    .VlllllTIMiAIX'M    UkTIBN. 

"M'wt     ItlPHsed    things    come    silently,    iiiul    »lli-titly 

(le|iHi-t, 
Xolselens  Hti'HiH  (tprinKtime  to  the  jftir,  ami  comfort 

to  tbt*  hi'urt, 
And  Btlll  and  liitht.  and  gentle,  like  a  dew,  the  rain 

mnst  l>e 
To  (julfken  seed  in  furrow  iind  blossom  ujKin  tret-. 

"Nile  has  his  fMiiDing  rai'ls,  freshefs  from  mountain 
snows. 
Yet,  where  his  stream  breeds  fruit  fulness,  serene  and 

t-alra  he  flows. 
And,    where   he   overbrims,    to   cheer   his   Imiiks   on 

either  side. 
You  acaree  ran  mark,  so  gradnal,  the  swelling  of  hN 
tide. 

■The  winits  of  anjiels  make  no  stir  as  they  jdy  tlicir 

work  of  love. 
Vet  by  the  bulm   they  shed  around,  we  know   ihein 

that  they  more. 
(..Hi  spake  not  in  the  thunder,  nor  the  mighty  nish- 

intr  blast. 
Ills  ntteranee  wan  in  the  Mill  small  voice  that  i-ame 

at  last. 

'■So  she,  our  sweet  Saint  Florence,  modest,  ami  still, 

and  calm. 
With  no  tirade  of  uiHrfyr's  cross,  no  [innip  or  niar- 

tyr's  cr  wn. 
To   tile   place  of   pbinue   and   famine,   foulness   and 

woundtt  and  pain. 
Went  mit  upon  her  gra<-lous  toll,  and  now  returns 

again. 

■■Xo  shoHtlne  crowris  ulMnit  her  path,  no  miiltlluile's 

hot  breath. 
To  fan,  with   winds  of  vanity,   the  doiiblfTil    flrps  of 
faith. 
Her  path  by  hands  official  all  unsmoothed.  her  atm« 

derrled. 
By  the  Levltes,  who.  when  need  was.  passed  on  the 
other  side. 

"When   titles,   pensions,   orders  by   random   hnnd   are 
nhowereil. 
'Tls  meet  that,  save  with  hlessinsr,  she  stiil  should 

walk  undowered. 
What  title  like  her  own  sweet  name  with  the  music 

all  Its  own? 
What  order  like  the  halo  by  her  good  deeds  round 
her  thrown? 

^7 


"I-tke  her  own  bird,  all  volcelc""  wb«i  the  darllgtit 

BcmgHt(>rii  tbrlll. 
Mvt>i't  HliiKt'i'  til  lliv  durkiiewi,  when  all  iKiugi  elae  are 

atill. 
She,  ill  thiil    iilitht  of  dtirkiieHH  tbut    turned  other 

heart))  to  stone, 
Came,  with  Moft  Htep  aud  icentle  voice,  yet  wine  and 

firm  of  lone, 

"Tblnk  of  the  prayem  for  her,  that  to  praylns  bearti 

came  liack 
lu  rain  of  lileHHUiKH,  Heemlng  atlll  to  uprlng  upon  ber 

track. 
The  comfortM  of  her   ttnieloufineiMi   to  those  whose 

rofld  to  death 
Was  dark  and  doubtful  tilt  she  iihowed  the  light  of 

love  hikI  fnllh. 

"Then  leave  her  lo  the  quiet  she  has  chosen.    She  de- 
mands 
No  greeting  from  our  brazen  throat,  and  vulgar  clap- 
ping hands. 
I-eave  ber  to  the  still  comfort  the  itatntfl  know  that 

have  striven, 
Whnt  tire  our  earthly  honours?    Her  honoun)  are  lu 
Heaven." 

Punch.  Aug.  23.  18G4I. 


IV 

THE  PERIOD  IMMEDIATELY  FOLLOW- 
ING THE  CRIMEAN  WAR 

1856-1861 

Plates  VIII,  IX,  X,  XI 


The  Period  Immediiiely  Followint  ihe 
Crimean  \rir 


The  iliii»irnilurit.v  bctiveen  the  early  and  the 
late  portrait)  of  Mini  Nightingale  haa  often 
been  remarlied.  Thia  is  not  entirely  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  earlier  ones  are  moativ  light 
crayon  drawings,  the  later,  photographs  "taken 
by  commandment  of  the  Queen"  on  her  return 
from  the  East ;  nor  is  it  to  be  explained  by  the 
natural  changes  occurring  in  the  transition 
from  young  maidenhood  to  early  middle  age. 
There  is  in  the  best  of  these  later  portraita  to 
be  clearly  traced  the  birth  of  a  great  eiperi- 
ence.  She  has  seen  and  partaken  of  the  travail 
of  the  world's  tragedy,  and  it  has  left  its  in. 
delible  mark  upon  her  face.  The  qualities,  too, 
that  she  has  gained  in  the  great  conflict  are 
visible.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  charming 
little  hcHd  shown  In  Plate  VIII.  KiMlurnni'i'. 
unflinching  decision,  tempered  with  the  kindly 
tolerance  bom  of  a  great  sympathy,  even  a 
humorous  appreciation  of  the  frailties  of  of- 
ficialdom, are  all  expressed  in  the  fine  curves 
of  the  mouth,  while  in  the  eyes  is  the  deep  con- 
tentment of  one  who  has  seen  the  Vision,  and 
knows  of  the  foundations  of  her  faith. 

During  the  five  years  following  the  Crimean 
War,  and  especially  during  the  immediately 
succeeding  time.  Florence  Niehtingale  needed 
every  spark  of  spiritual  force  which  had  come 
to  her  from  the  fires  through  which  she  had 
passed.  She  and  her  friend  Sydney  Herbert, 
with  other  loyal  coadjutors,  were  together  to 
.shoulder  a  burden  of  reform,  under  which  im- 
mediate action  was  so  imperative,  that  only  by 
unrelaxing  effort  could  results  he  achieved. '  The 


From  a  pholngnph  in  tha  cnllrriit! 
Lcirmont,  Mnnirval,  m>"i<l>"r<t  ■l"(> 
•coptc  Comjiany. 


uf  t>M>  luie  Ur.  J.  B. 


Strain  was  of  a  different  kind  from  that  in  the 
(.'ririieHri  hospitals,  but  the  task  to  l)e  accom- 
plished was  even  more  sriffantic.  On  the  other 
hiind.  till'  utirciiiittirifT  fnvray  demanded  of  her 
told  upon  her  weakened  frame,  and  she  became 
permanently  invalided,  and  saw  all  her  dreams 
of  an  active  life  Hiiiong  the  Imspital  traininip 
schools  she  was  about  to  inHUjrurHtc.  prrma- 
iiently  denied  her.  Arnrenver.  during  these 
.voarH  she  whs  to  st'c  Lord  ll.'rbcit  liiinjsilf  ^ink 
42 


iindrr  th->  work.  He  died  in  1861,  before  h* 
tiHd  HiTomplMhfd  what  %he  callefl  the  "main- 
NpriiiK"  of  the  wholp,— the  reform  of  the  in- 
ternal ortranixiiticin  of  the  Britinh  War  Offliv. 
IIiN  death  waa  a  hlow  from  which  iihi>  never 
»iuit«'  recovered.  Diirinjr  these  Hve  yeart  they 
were  ill  coniitant  eoiinminieation  and  coniulta- 
tion.  and  were  allieH  in  the  truest  aenae,  fpvinir 
to  eaeh  other  a  comradeitliip  and  a  loyal  aup- 
|M>rt  am)  undi^nttandinir  that  waa  euential  to 
the  (frrat  renultK  that  tht'.v  attained.  Their 
work  wan  in  a  aenw  complementary,  for  she 
had  the  administrative,  he  the  |>oliticHl  and 
executive  mind  (Sir  Bdwanl  Cook).  Their  re- 
latiomihip  in  to  be  recofrni/ed  an  one  of  the 
great  frientNhipi  of  all  time,  ami  in  a  Hense  it 
is  unique  in  hiator>-.  Sydney  Herbert  was  n 
man  of  immentie  chant,  with  a  devoted  wife 
who  Nhared  hia  every  thonffht.  and  between 
whom  and  Misa  Nightingale  there  existed  a 
eluHC  intimai.-y  and  a  Htrong  spiritual  tie.  Not 
the  leaHt  part  of  Ihe  great  inheritance  that 
Klorenc)'  Nifrhtingale  han  left  t»  hi-r  sex.  is  the 
fact  that  such  true  friendship  between  man  and 
woman  can  and  does  exist. 

Oidy  the  first  few  days  of  Miss  Nightingale's 
return  to  England  were  given  up  to  personal 
matters.  The  eonseiouaness  pressed  home  that 
her  experienee  in  the  Crimea  must  not  be  al- 
lowed to  sink,  even  temporarily,  into  oblivion, 
but  that  the  iron  of  public  opinion  must  be 
struck  while  still  hot,  if  the  evils  under  which 
the  sohliers  had  suffered  were  not  to  be  repeated 
and  perpetuateil.  The  remarkable  change 
wnmght  in  the  mortality  of  the  hospital  at 
Scutari  by  Miss  Nightingale  and  her  supporters 
during  the  tirst  six  months  of  the  war  was  to 
be  looketl  upon  as  a  sanitary  exiieriment  of  the 
most  brilliantly  sueeessful  kind.  It  was  of  vital 
importance  to  the  future  welfare  of  the  army 
that  the  evils  fought  against  and  corrected  in 
the  Crimea,  should  be  exposed  in  a  Royal  Com- 


PLATI    IX.       MlHH    MlillTINUALB     (AROUT     1836). 

(Tiken  bj  order  ol  the  ^ueen  i^rlly  after  her  return 
the   (>ime«.) 


mission  of  enquiry,  and  that  action  should  be 
taken  against  their  repetition  while  indignation 
still  burned  hot  in  public  sentiment.  Miaa 
Nightingale  was  keenly  alive  to  the  horror  that 
had  surrounded  her  in  the  Crimea,  and  never 


forgot  that  mortalii  rate  of  60%  in  the  Scu- 
tari Hospital  during  the  first  weeks  of  her  stay 
there,  that  blackened  the  good  fame  of  the 
british  Army  regulations.  Among  her  private 
notes  of  1856  is  written,  "I  stand  at  the  altar 
of  the  murdered  men,  and  while  1  live  I  fight 
their  cause." 

The  re<|uired  reforms  were  already  the  sub- 
ject of  serious  discussion  between  herself  and 
Lord  Herbert.  It  was  at  this  juncture  on 
August  23,  1856,  a  fortnight  after  her  return, 
that  she  was  given  the  opportunity  by  an  invi- 
tation to  Balmoral  Castle,  of  personally  setting 
forth  to  Her  Majesty  the  sufferings  of  the 
Queen's  Army  in  the  East,  and  their  possible 
means  of  rtt^'ess.  Her  preparation  for  the  in- 
terview wa.  thorough.  In  consultation  with 
those  who  had  the  cause  of  medical  reforms  at 
heart,  by  the  study  of  statistics,  by  enquiries, 
and  by  the  collection  of  her  own  notes  and 
memoranda,  she  armed  herself  to  make  the 
utmost  use  of  her  great  opportunity.  Nor  was 
she  disappointed.  The  Queen  and  the  Prince  Con- 
Bort  together  gave  her  their  fullest  attention. 
"She  put  before  us,"  wrote  the  Prince  in  his 
diary,  "all  the  defects  of  our  present  hospital 
system,  and  the  reforms  that  are  necessary.  We 
are  much  pleased  with  her;  the  is  extremely 
modest."  Nothing  could  be  done,  however, 
without  the  action  of  Ministers,  and  although 
she  returned  to  London  apparently  successful, 
many  months  of  delay  and  strenuous  insistence 
were  to  elapse  before  a  Royal  Commission,  with 
Lord  Herbert  as  chairman,  could  be  appointed. 
This  took  place  by  Royal  Warrant  on  April  26, 
1857,  shortly  after  the  publication  and  circula- 
tion of  Miss  Nightingale's  comprehensive  pri- 
vate report,  entitled,  "Notes  Affecting  the 
Health,  EflBciency,  and  Hospital  Administra- 
tion of  the  British  Army."  This  book  cre- 
ated a  profound  impression.  Sir  John  McNeill 
writes  repeatedly  in  appreciation  of  its  clear- 
40 


ness  and  vifpor,  and  ends,  "I  think  it  containa  a 
body  of  iDformation  and  instruction  such  as 
no  one  else,  so  far  as  I  know,  has  ever  brought 
to  bear  upon  a  similar  subject.  I  regard  it  as  a 
gift  to  the  Army,  and  to  the  country  altogether 
priceless." 

The  Commission  appointed,  its  duty  was  to 
submit  a  report  of  the  abuses  and  projected  re- 
forms, to  the  House  of  Commons.  Miss  Nightin- 
gale's own  evidence  took  the  form  of  thirty- 
three  pages  of  written  answers  to  questions  in 
the  "Blue  Book"  report.  "It  was  distin- 
guished," in  the  words  of  an  Army  doctor  of 
the  time,  "  by  a  clearness,  a  logical  coherence,  a 
pungency  and  abruptness,  a  ring  as  of  true 
metal,  that  is  altogether  admirable." 

The  Report  itself  was  written  by  Mr.  Her- 
bert, with  much  assistance  from  Miss  Nightin- 
gale. It  recommended  the  appointment  of 
four  sub-commissions,  whose  functions  should 
be:  to  put  the  barracks  in  sanitary  order;  to 
organize  a  statistical  department;  to  institute 
a  medical  school ;  to  reconstruct  the  Army  Med- 
ical Department,  and  to  revise  its  hospital  regu- 
lations. To  it  was  appended  a  statistical  study 
made  by  Miss  Nightingale,  of  the  civil  and  mili- 
tary mortality  statistics  in  certain  London  par- 
ishes, from  which  the  startling  fact  revealed 
itself  that  the  rate  of  mortality  among  the  sol- 
diers living  in  barracks  was  five  times  as  great 
as  that  of  civilians  living  at  home.  To  force 
this  existing  fact,  namely,  that  the  Army  in 
time  of  peace  was  being  exposed  to  the  effects 
of  bad  sanitation  with  disastrous  results,  upon 
the  -  attention  of  the  House,  meant  a  hearing, 
which  perhaps  the  evils  of  the  Crimean  War, 
already  becoming  a  thing  of  the  past,  might 
possibly  not  obtain,  even  so  soon  after  the  ter- 
rible events.  After  much  activity  on  the  part 
of  all  interested,  the  Report  was  formally  acted 
upon,  and  the  four  sub-commissions  author- 
ized. They  immediately  set  to  work,  with  Miss 
46 


PUTE     .\.       MtSH     NKUITINQALR     OS-     ][ER 
ReTPBN    FROM    TUB   ClIlUI*. 

From  •  photogrRph  In  the  pomMiian 
of  Mis*  Hall,  Ij'ly  Siippriiitenileiit  of 
th*"  E'pter  Rpm  Rrlsham  HoBpilal, 
Bo-luri. 

Nightingale  the  heart  of  each,  herself  now  ill 
and  weak  from  the  prolonged  exertion  of  these 
strenuous  months,  after  the  strain  in  the 
Crimea.  It  was  quite  possibly  the  effects  of 
these  months  of  unremitting  exertion,  at  a  time 
when  her  body  demanded  rest,  that  left  her  a 
permanent  invalid.  A  diagnosis  of  Miss 
Nightingale's  malady  has  not,  so  far  os  we 
know,  been  framed,  but  her  own  statement 
about  herself  in  her  letters  to  her  medical 
friends,  suggest  that  she  suffered  from  some 
form  of  cardiac  insufficiency  associated  with 
curdiac  dilatation  and  a  paroxysmal  tachycardia. 
Even  at  her  lowest  ebb,  she  never  put  aside  her 
harness,  but  met  ernergeiicics  as  they  arose  un- 
til, in  February,  1H,'»8,  the  various  investigations 
had  been  made  ami  the  resulting  recommenda- 
tions were  embodied  in  a  seeoiiil  Report  from  the 
Commission. 

47 


The  results  were  worthy  of  the  heavy  price 
Hhe  paid  in  the  permanent  sacrittce  of  her 
health.  Each  commission  carried  its  work 
through  to  a  successful  issue,  with  beneficial  re- 
sults that  are  felt  in  our  own  day  in  a  hundred 
directions.  The  Crimean  episode  will  always 
take  a  leading  place  in  the  story  of  Florence 
Nightingale^s  life.  But,  as  has  been  said,  its 
greatest  importance  lay  in  the  insight,  experi- 
ence, and  political  influence  which  she  gained 
in  it,  and  which  made  it  possible  for  her  to 
inspire  these  far-reaching  reforms. 

The  results  of  the  work  of  the  four  sub- 
commissions  may  be  briefly  summarized  as:  the 
better  barrack  accommodation  and  military  hos- 
pital construction,  which  have  resulted  in  the 
improved  health  of  the  British  soldier  at  home 
today;  the  revision  of  army  medical  statistics 
and  the  establishment  of  British  army  statistics 
on  a  higher  plane  than  that  of  any  other  coun- 
try in  the  world  at  that  time,  a  task  in  which 
the  statistical  skill,  enei^,  and  persistence  of 
Miss  Nightingale  was  united  with  the  experi- 
ence of  the  celebrated  Dr.  "William  Farr;  the 
foundation  of  the  Army  Medical  School,  and 
the  splendidly  equipped  Royal  Medical  College ; 
and  the  formulation  of  a  code  for  regulating 
the  relative  duties  of  regimental  medical  offi- 
cers, and  organizing  the  detail  of  the  internal 
administration  of  military  and  other  hospitals. 

The  third  sub-commission,  to  establish  an 
Army  Medical  School,  had  the  longest  and 
weariest  struggle  against  the  obstruction  of  sub- 
ordinates of  them  all,  but  it  accomplished  most 
important  results.  The  Army  Medical  School, 
afterwards  i>emoved  to  Netley,  was  peculiarly 
Miss  Nightingale's  child,  and  she  watched  over 
its  early  .progress  with  earnest  solicitude.  In 
every  part  of  the  administration  the  professors 
sought  her  assistance,  and  she  made  a  successful 
fight,  against  much  opposition,  to  have  pathol- 
ogy  recognized  in  the  professoriate.    Her  serv- 


PUTK      XI.       UlS«      N'lGHTINOALI 
(IM    18Si) 

ipb  by   Goodman   la 

*■  .   (Jollt™  W»rren, 

Boston. 


From    B    pbalocnpb   li 
the  pooHfHilon  tit  Dr.    < 


ices  as  the  true  founder  of  the  School  were  ac- 
knowledged fit  the  time.  Dr.  Longmore,  the 
professor  of  military  sui^ry,  told  the  students 
that  it  was  she  "whose  opinion,  derived  from 
large  experience  and  remarkable  sagacity  in  ob- 
servation, exerted  an  especial  influence  in  origi- 
nating and  establishing  this  school."  **Por 
originating  this  school, ' '  wrote  Sir  James  Clark, 
"we  have  to  thank  Miss  Nightingale,  who,  had 
her  long  and  persevering  efforts  effected  no 
other  improvement  in  the  army,  would  have  con- 
ferred by  this  alone  an  inestimable  boon  upon 
the  British  soldier." 

Apart  from  the  work  of  the  commissions, 
many  other  army  reforms  were  instituted  by 
Mr.  Herbert  and  inspired  by  Miss  Nightingale. 
Such    were    the    committee   to   reoi^nize  the 


Army  Hospital  Corps  and  the  Soldiers'  B«crea' 
tion  Clubs.  The  latter  were  organized  by  them 
with  much  success,  not  only  in  England,  but  at 
Gibraltar,  Chatham  and  Montreal,  which  was 
then  a  military  post.  The  regimental  institute 
attached  to  every  modern  barrack  is  the  direct 
outcome  of  this  branch  of  their  pioneer  work. 

Such  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  epoch-making 
work  i-arried  on  by  Sytlm-y  Herbert  and  Flor- 
ence Nightingale  during  these  five  years  imme- 
diately following  her  return  from  the  E&at. 
Great  as  it  was,  however,  these  reforms  in  army 
sanitation  were  not  by  any  means  the  only  side 
of  her  activities  during  this  period.  Of  equal 
importance  was:  (1)  her  work  in  the  reform  of 
modem  hospital  construction  as  a  whole,  (2)  in 
the  introduction  of  statistical  forms  for  hos- 
pital use,  and  (3)  especially  in  the  foundation 
of  modem  nursing. 

Miss  Nightingale's  prestige  in  matters  of 
hospital  constriictiGn  was  recognized  before  her 
book,  "Notes  on  Hospitals,"  appeared,  in  1858. 
This  book  was  written  in  connection  with  her 
work  on  the  first  sub-commission,  and  is  a  tech- 
nical study  of  the  subject  supplemented  with 
numerous  maps  and  diagrams,  and  recommend- 
ing the  elementary  principles  of  sanitation, 
which  were  not  then  generally  recognized,  and 
the  pavilion  system.  "It  appears  to  me,'* 
wrote  Sir  James  Paget,  "to  be  the  most  val- 
uable contribution  in  application  to  medical  in- 
stitutions I  have  ever  read."  After  its  appear- 
ance she  was  widely  consulted  on  hospital  con- 
struction at  home  and  abroad,  and  revised  the 
plans  of  many  hospitals  erected  in  Great  Brit- 
ain, Germany,  Belgium,  Spain,  France,  India 
and  America. 

Her  work  as  a  statistician  has  already  been 
referred  to  and  her  alliance  with  Dr.  William 
Farr.  Her  statistical  forms  for  the  use  of  hos- 
pitals were  presented  at  the  Intemational  Con- 
gress in  London  in  1860,  and  were  introduced 


<!• 


in  the  leading  London  hoapitals.  On  June  21, 
1861,  a  meeting  was  held  at  Guy's  Hospital  and 
it  was  unanimously  agreed — by  delegates  from 
Guy's,  St.  Bartholomew's,  St.  Thomas's,  the 
London,  St.  George's,  King's  College,  the  Mid- 
dleaei,and  St.  Mary 's—"  that  the  metropolitan 
hospitals  should  adopt  one  uniform  system  of 
registration  of  patients ;  that  each  hospital 
should  publish  its  statistics  annually,  and  that 
Miss  Nightingale's  Model  Forms  should,  as  far 
as  possible,  be  adopted." 

Her  work  in  the  fomidation  of  modern  nurs- 
ing has  been  described  as  one  of  the  three  great 
contr-butions  of  the  nineteenth  century  to  the 
reliei  of  human  suffering  in  disease.  In  the 
alleviation  which  it  has  supplied  it  takes  rank 
with  the  discovery  of  anesthesia  by  Sir  James 
Simpson,  and  asepsis  by  Sir  Joseph  Lister. 

The  Nightingale  Training  School  for  Nurses 
was  opened  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  on  June 
24,  1860,  under  the  administration  of  the  Night- 
ingale Fund,  which  amounted  to  £44,000,  raised 
throughout  the  British  Empire,  as  a  tribute  to 
the  Crimean  heroine  in  1855.  Miss  Nightingale 
planned  every  detail  in  its  organization,  and 
assisted  the  first  matron,  Mrs.  Wardroper,  in 
the  discharge  of  her  activities.  She  herself  in- 
terviewed and  accepted  candidates  and  others, 
and  afterwards  preserved  the  closest  touch  with 
the  pupil  nurses  and  graduates.  The  influence 
of  the  school  spread  rapidly,  and  the  Nightingale 
nurses,  both  in  Great  Britain,  the  Colonies,  and 
the  United  States,  made  their  way  as  superin- 
tendents. The  Blockley  Hospital  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  the  Montreal  General  Hospital  here, 
were  two  of  those  that  owned  a  Nightingale 
superintendent.  In  Germany,  Sweden,  France, 
and  Austria,  too,  the  lead  was  followed,  and 
nurses  were  trained  along  the  same  lines.  Thus 
the  seed  that  was  carried  by  Pastor  Pliedner 
from  Elizabeth  Fry  in  London  to  Kaiserwerth 
in  Germany,  was  transplanted  by  Florence 
SI 


Nightingale  again  on  English  soil,  and  grew  into 
a  mighty  tree. 

It  haR  been  well  said  that  Miss  Nightingale 
did  not  originate  the  idea  of  trained  nursing  of 
the  Hick,  for  there  were  ftiitterhoods  and  great 
nurses  before  her  time.  What  she  did  do  was 
to  plaee  the  art  of  nursing  on  the  plane  of  a 
profesnion,  and  to  transfer  it,  as  the  books  of 
the  British  census  show,  from  the  category  ' '  Do- 
mestic," in  which  it  stood  before  her  time,  to 
that  of  "Medicine."  Both  by  precept  and  ex- 
ample she  taught  and  tried  to  instill  into  her 
nurses  the  principles  and  the  codf^'  f  honor  that 
raise  an  occupation  into  a  proiession.  She 
raised  a  great  enthusiasm  among  the  women  of 
her  time,  many  of  whom  grasped  her  meaning, 
and  worked  with  her  to  attain  this  end.  She 
took  it  out,  too,  of  the  place  in  which  it  had 
been  put  before  her  time  by  the  religious  or- 
ders, who  regarded  their  nursing  chiefly  as  a 
means  of  self-abnegation  and  humiliation.  She 
believed,  no  one  more  strongly,  that  the  true 
nurse  must  have  a  sense  of  vocation,  and  that 
without  it  she  should  not  enter  the  profession, 
and  with  her  "nursing  was  a  sacred  calling, 
only  to  be  followed  to  good  purpose,  by  those 
who  pursued  it  as  the  service  of  Ood,  through 
the  highest  kind  of  service  to  man."  But  she 
recognized  also,  that  the  skilled  services  of  the 
trained  nurse  should  form  an  honorable  means 
of  livelihood,  and  insisted  on  the  public  recog- 
nition of  this  fact.  Miss  Nightingale  never 
thought  or  cared  about  whai.  has  been  called 
women's  rights,  but  she  was  essentially  a  pio- 
neer in  the  interests  of  her  sex.  By  the  hi(^ 
estimate  and  value  she  placed  upon  the  skilled 
services  of  women  in  a  capacity  ir  which  only 
they  can  serve,  she  raised  the  public  sense  of 
the  value  of  those  services  all  along  the  line, 
and  there  is  probably  no  other  woman  to  whom 
modem  women  owe  so  much.  Her  words  on  the 
subject    of    the    modem    feminist    movement* 


which  wai  just  beginning  in  her  day,  and  which 
close  her  little  volume  "Notes  on  Nursing,"  are 
an  epitome  of  wisdom,  and  strike  directly  home. 

**Iwould  ear  neatly  oak  my  sitters  1 7  keep  clear 
of  both  the  jargons  now  current  everywhere 
(for  they  are  eqaatty  jargons);  of  the  jargan, 
namely,  about  the  'rights'  of  women,  which 
urges  women  to  do  alt  that  men  do,  merely  be- 
muse men  do  it,  and  without  regard  to  whether 
this  is  the  brut  that  wymen  ran  do;  and  of  the 
jargon  which  urges  women  to  do  nothing  that 
men  do,  merely  because  they  are  women.  Surety 
woman  should  bring  the  best  she  has,  whatever 
that  is,  to  the  work  of  God's  world,  without  at- 
tending to  either  of  these  cries.  It  does  not 
make  a  gwd  thing,  that  it  is  remarkable  that  a 
woman  should  have  been  able  to  do  it.  Neither 
does  it  make  a  thing  bad,  which  would  have 
been  gjod  had  a  man  done  it,  that  it  has  been 
done  by  a  woman. 

**0h,  leave  these  jargons  and  go  your  way 
straight  to  Qod't  work,  in  simplicity  and  sin- 
gleness of  heart.** 

The  "Notes  on  Nursing"  was  published  in 
1860.  It  is  the  best  known  of  her  writingfl,  and 
in  the  purity  of  its  English,  the  vigor  and  sim- 
plicity of  its  style,  and  the  fundamental  sound- 
ness of  its  teaching,  is  in  the  highest  sense  a 
classic.  It  is  a  book  which  anyone  may  read 
with  delight  and  information  today,  and  should 
be  republished  in  popular  form.  Florence 
Nightingale  pONHesHed  the  literary  faculty  in  a 
very  high  degree,  and  was  a  voluminous  writer, 
but  she  held  this,  as  she  did  her  social  accom- 
plishments, very  lightly,  to  be  used  only  as  a 
means  to  an  end,  and  to  be  considered,  rather 
as  a  "temptation"  to  be  avoided,  that  might 
lead  her  away  from  the  purpose  to  which  she 
had  consecrated  herself,  and  never  as  an  end 
in  itself.  This  is  the  reason,  that  although  her 
contributions  vO  the  literature  of  her  time  are 


u  important  and  probably  at  numerous  as  those 
of  her  illustrious  contemporaries,  Mrs.  Oaskell, 
Oeoi^  Eliot,  and  Harriet  Martinpau.  they  are 
not  recognized  as  such,  for  they  are  largely  on 
technical  subjects  and  many  of  them  are  hid- 
den in  the  Blue  Books  of  the  day.  It  is  only 
when  she  is  dealing,  almost  as  it  were  by  acci- 
dent, with  subjects  of  wider  intellectual  scope, 
that  her  power  of  literary  expression  and  her 
clearness  of  vision  in  the  realm  of  abstract 
thought  are  fully  revealed  to  us.  The  best  il- 
lustrations are  to  be  found  in  her  lengthy  cor- 
respondence with  such  men  as  William  Jowett 
and  John  Stuart  Mill,  and  in  her  great  religio- 
sociological  treatise,  entitled  "Suggestions  for 
Thought  to  Searchers  for  Truth  among  the 
Artizans  of  England  and  to  Searchers  after 
Religious  Truth,"  published  in  three  volumes, 
containing  729  pages  in  all,  by  Eyre  and  Spot- 
tiswoode,  London,  in  1860.  Her  yearly  "Ad- 
dresses to  the  Probationer  Nurses  in  the  'Night- 
ingale Fund'  at  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,"  printed 
for  a  limited  private  circulation  during  the 
years  1873  to  1888,  stand  out  also  as  models  of 
clear  diction  embodying  principles  of  deep  eth- 
ical and  spiritual  force.  The  nineteenth  cen- 
tjry  has  been  called  pre-eminently  the  century 
of  great  women.  It  is  from  the  literary  and 
philosophic,  as  well  as  the  philanthropic  side, 
that  Florence  Nightingale  possesses  an  eminent 
place  within  the  circle. 


FLORENCE    NIGHTINGALE    IN 
LATER    LIFE 

1861-1910 

Plues  XII,  XIII,  XIV,  XV 


Florence  Nl|hiln|ile  In  Later  Life. 


Syiliiey  llprlMTt  ilietl  in  1861  when  Plorcnce 
Niirhtitifrale  wan  forty-one  yearn  of  age.  Shi* 
lived  iifMrly  fifty  yearti  longer,  and  for  thirty- 
five  of  theNe  r«taini'd  the  full  uhc  of  all  her 
facultieH  and  thi>  Manie  phenitmenal  capacity  for 
flc<'on>)>liHhinfr  heavy  taHlu  in  numeroiu  fields 
sitiniltaneously,  eacli  (if  which  was,  in  itself. 
suflllcient  for  the  full  powers  of  a  single  Indi- 
vidual. IliH  death  threw  her  into  a  Htate  of 
extreme  deHpoiideney,  for  she  had  loHt  not  only 
a  dear  penmtiMl  friend,  hut  the  ally  on  whom 
her  Manit^ry  reforms  <|(>pended.  From  the  iw- 
clurtion  of  a  deep  n'tirement  nhe  published  a 
short  "Life  of  Lord  Herbert,"  in  which  she 
ascribes  every  part  of  their  reforms  to  his  work. 
Had  he  been  writing  the  book  he  would  have 
made  the  same  statement  in  relation  to  herself, 
and  in  a  sense  both  statements  would  have  been 
true,  HO  completely  interdependent  was  their 
action.  In  ascribing  the  credit  for  all  the 
achievements  of  the  Crimean  climax  and  those 
resulting  from  It,  the  names  of  Sydney  Herbert 
and  Florence  N'ightin>riile  mu>tt  always  hold  an 
equal  place.  The  British  public  reco^ized  this 
fact  in  the  erection,  in  the  winter  of  1914,  of 
the  dual  statues  to  them  which  stand  on  either 
aide  of  the  Crimean  monument  in  London  today. 

Space  does  not  permit  of  even  the  complete 
enumeration  of  all  the  numerous  reforms  en- 
acted in  this  later  period  of  her  life.  Probably 
the  moAt  comprehensive,  and  certainly  that  in 
which  an  immense  portion  of  her  time  and  en- 
^rgy  was  expended  to  the  very  end  of  her  active 
life,  was  the  improved  sanitation  of  India, — a 
problem  arising  out  of  the  work  of  the  Crimean 
67 


commiN-sions,  and  in  which  she  was  intimately 
asswiated  with  Sir  John  Lawrence,  Sir  Bartle 
Frere,  Lord  Roberts,  and  other  leading  East 
Indians.  She  stood  for  advanced  methods, 
brought  to  the  evidence  irrefutable  masses  of 
statistical  facts,  and  fonght  desperately,  among 
other  things,  for  universal  irrigation.  She  was 
known  at  the  time  in  high  (juarters  as  the  Provi- 
dence of  India.  "The  Indian  Sanitary  Com- 
mission's Report,"  a  huge  volume  consisting  of 
2028  pages  of  small  print,  contains  evidence  of 
her  work  on  almost  every  page. 

In  the  work  of  the  War  Office  again,  she 
maintained,  after  Lord  Herbert's  death,  a  very 
intimate  relationship,  which  in  time  came  t& 
assume  the  relation  of  an  advisory  counsel.  This 
was  because  in  many  questions  she  had  come  to 
be  considered  the  first  expert  of  her  time,  and 
also  because,  in  Sir  Edward  Cook's  phrase,  she 
was  rightly  regarded  as  the  official  legatee  of 
Lord  Sydney  Herbert,  and  one  who  knew,  as  na 
one  else  could,  the  spirit  of  the  uncompleted 
reforms  he  had  projected,  and  the  traditions 
which  had  inspired  one  who  had  held  a  very  high 
place  in  the  public  trust.  She  was  concerned 
in  this  way,  not  only  in  questions  of  array  sani- 
tation in  time  of  peace,  but  in  all  the  problems 
that  arose  in  the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
in  the  various  wars  that  broke  out  dur- 
ing this  long  period,  and  her  connection 
with  the  organization  of  the  Red  Cross  Society, 
and  the  various  associations  formed  for 
the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  runs 
like  a  silver  thread  through  the  story  of 
this  latter  part  of  her  life.  Thus  we  find  her, 
during  the  course  of  the  American  Civil  War, 
writing  on  October  8,  1861,  to  Dr.  Farr,  that 
she  had  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  War  at  Wash- 
ington, on  application,  all  the  War  Office's 
forms  and  reports,  statistical  and  otherwise.  At 
this  time  also  a  Sanitary  Commission  was  ap- 
pointed at  Washington,  which  reproduced  mucb 


PLATK    \ll.       UlH    MoHflSQALI    IX    I88T. 

From   ft   pictuTC    by    Sir    WillUm    Ridimoml    at    ClayJnn,    and 
rrproduie<l   in  Sir   Eilwanl   Cook'i   Lite  ot  riorerxv  Nicbtliwale. 


of  Miss  Nightingale's  Crimean  work.  Again,  on 
December  18,  1861,  we  find  her  revising  the 
draft  of  the  commissariat  and  army  medical 
stores  for  the  projected  expedition  from  Eng- 
land to  Canada  in  connection  with  the  Trent 
affair. 

The  inception  of  the  Red  Cross  Society  on  an 
international  basis  owes  its  origin  to  the  sug- 
gestion of  a  Swiss  physician,     Henri  Dnnant. 
50 


Ill  the  year  1859,  when  the  full  flood  of  Miss 
Nightingale's  Crimean  achievements  were  still 
fresh  in  the  public  miud,  the  bloody  uattle  of 
Solferino  was  fought,  and  tM  wounded  lay 
three  days  upon  the  battlefield  untended,  except 
for  the  irregular  ministrationn  of  neighboring 
peasants.  Shocked  at  the  sight  of  the  tragedy, 
and  proclaiming  the  possibility  of  organized 
aid  bhat  the  Crimean  campaign  had  shown, 
M.  Junant  carried  the  proposal  to  the  leading 
European  powers,  "that  an  oi^nization  with 
international  privileges  be  established  for  the 
care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  in  war."  As  a 
result,  in  August,  1864,  an  International  Con- 
gress was  held  at  Geneva,  which  framed  the 
famous  Qeneva  Convention,  on  which  the  con- 
stitution of  the  present  Red  Cvmn  Society  is  based, 
and  which  declares  medical  aid  on  the  field  to 
be  under  the  protection  of  a  recognized  neutral- 
ity. The  British  delegates  to  the  Congress  were 
Miss  Nightingale's  friends,  Dr.  Longmore  and 
Dr.  Rutherford,  and  she  drafted  their  instruc- 
tions. In  1872,  M.  Dunant  in  a  paper  read  in 
London,  said:  "Though  I  am  known  as  the 
founder  of  the  Red  Cross  and  the  originator  of 
the  Convention  of  Geneva,  it  is  to  an  English- 
woman that  all  the  honor  of  that  Convention  is 
due.  What  inspired  me  to  go  to  Italy  during 
the  war  of  1859  was  the  work  of  Miss  Florence 
Nightingale  in  the  Crimea." 

In  the  War  of  1866  between  Prussia,  Austria 
and  Italy,  all  three  of  the  combatants  sought 
and  obtained  the  assistance  of  Miss  Nightingale 
and  she  heraelf  joined  and  took  part  in  the 
London  Relief  Association  for  the  care  of  the 
wounded.  In  1867  a  gold  medal  was  awarded  to 
her  by  the  Conference  of  Red  Cross  Societies  in 
Paris,  and  in  1870,  the  Austrian  Patriotic  So- 
ciety for  the  Relief  of  Wounded  Soldiers  elected 
her  a  member.  Ihiring  the  whole  duration  of  the 
War  of  1870-71.  she  was  again  plunged  into  cease- 
less activity,  for  both  Germany  and  France  del- 


uged  her  with  eorreapondenee.  She  met  all  de- 
mands, and  rendered  assistance  impartially  to 
the  sick  and  wounded  of  both  sides,  so  that  in 
July,  1871,  the  French  SocieU  de$  Secoun  aux 
Bleues  conferred  its  bronze  cross  upon  her, 
and  in  September  of  that  year  she  was  deco- 
rated by  the  German  Emperor  with  the  Prus- 
sian Cross  of  Merit.  In  spite  of  the  strict  neu- 
trality she  maintained  in  ^ving  aid  to  the 
wounded  of  both  sides,  it  is  interestinff  to  us, 
in  this  year  of  war,  1916,  to  know  that  her  |ht- 
sonal  sympathies  were  rather  with  the  French. 
*'I  think,"  she  wrote  on  December  20,  1870, 
"that  if  the  conduct  of  the  French  for  the  last 
three  months  had  been  shown  by  any  other 
nation  it  would  have  been  called,  as  it  w,  sub- 
lime. The  uncomplaining  endurance,  the  sad 
and  severe  self-restraint  of  Paris  under  a  siege 
now  of  three  months  would  have  rendered  im- 
mortal a  city  of  ancient  Rome."  And  in  writ- 
ing to  the  Crown  Princess  of  Prussia  on  h(w- 
pital  matters,  she  pleaded  for  clemency.  '  *  Prussia 
would  remember,"  she  was  sure,  "the  future 
wars  and  misery  always  brought  about  by 
trampling  too  violently  on  a  fallen  foe."  "We 
know,  alas,  only  too  well,  how  sadly  her  assur- 
ance was  disappointed.  During  Lord  Wolse- 
ley's  Egyptian  campaign  of  1882  she  was  active 
in  organizing  the  female  nurses  who  were  re- 
quested, and  emerged  from  her  seclusion  to  at- 
tend several  military  reviews  in  London,  and 
then  and  thereafter  assisted  in  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Army  Hospital  Service,  which  time 
was  again  bringing  into  disrepute,  and  the  in- 
terests of  which  she  was  able  to  forward  mate- 
rially during  the  course  of  a  visit  to  Balmoral 
in  1883,  to  receive  the  decoration  of  the  Royal 
Bed  Cross  from  the  Queen's  hand. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  among  the  many  honors 
and  tributes  that  were  showered  upon  her  in  the 
closing  years  of  her  life  none  were  more  in  keep- 
ing with  the  spirit  of  it  than  that  expressed  at 


PlATI   XIII.      MlM    NlaHTINiULI    IX    LATH    Un. 


the  Eighth  International  Conference  of  Red 
Cross  Societies  in  London  in  June,  1907,  to 
which  Queen  Alexandra  sent  a  message  referring 
to  "the  pioneer  of  the  First  Red  Cross  move- 
ment,  Miss  Florence  Nightingale,  whose  heroic 
efforts  on  behalf  of  suffering  .  humanity 
will  be  recognized  and  admired  by  ail 
ages  as  long  as  the  world  shall  last."  ."- 
The  resolution  read:  '*The  great  and  incom-  ' 
parable  name  of  Miss  Florence  Nightingale,.  V 
whose  merits  in  the  field  of  humanity  are  never 
to  be  forgotten,  and  who  raised  the  care  of  the 
sick  to  the  position  of  a  charitable  art,  imposes 
on  the  Eighth  International  Conference  of  Red 
^ijgss..  Societies  the  noble  ^  duty  of  rendering 
homage  to  her  merits  by  expressing  warmly  its 
high  ^veneration. ' ' 

;  Another  large  sphere  of  activity  which  arose 
si^pe  the  time  and  outside  of  the  department  of 
Sydney^  Herbert,  was  that  of  Woi^-House  Re- 
form^ a  movement  which  grew  directly  out  of 
the  work  of  the  Nightingale  Training  School.  In 
the  year  1864,  no  legislation  provided  for  tire' 
care  of  the  sick  poor  in  England,  and  an  ^- 
solute  lack  of  attendance  combined  with  a  u^Vfv 
graded  class  of  patients  to  make  the  conditions  "" 
the  worst  possible.  From  a  noted  philan- 
thropist came  the  su^estion,  that  at  the  Liver- 
pool Work-House  Infirmary,  one  of  the  most 
difficult  institutions  of  all,  the  experiment 
should  be  tried  of  placing  twelve  Ni^tin^e 
nurses  in  control,  with  a  superintendent  chosen 
from  among  them.  The  story  of  Miss  Alice 
Jones,  a  gentle  girl  of  high  religious  views,  a 
graduate  of  Kaiserwerth,  and  later  of  the  St 
Thomas's  School,  who  struggled  and  won  vic- 
tory among  vicious  patients  and  a  difficult  man- 
agement, and  who  gave  up  her  life  in  doing  so, 
is  one  of  the  romances  of  the  history  of  nursing. 
It  is  told  by  Miss  Nightingale,  under  the  title 
"Una  and  the  Lion,"  in  good  words.  The  suc- 
cess won  here  led  the  way  for  the  Metropolitan 


FLAT!  XIV.     FUMwnn  Niuhtimbau  in  Hr  Room  tR  SontH  Stirit  *t  tub 
AOR   or    EioHTT-Su. 

nradiKcd  In  Sir  Edward 


HnqtMt,   10M,  and  rcpra 
If   rioTcnn   NiKlitlTcalc. 


Poor  Act  of  1867,  which  was  a  starting-point  of 
medical  relief  to  the  poor  in  England,  and  ii 
to  be  traced  to  the  efforts  of  many  earnest  men 
and  women,  and  chief  among  them  to  Miss 
Nightingale. 

The  failure  of  one  of  her  attempts,  that  is,  of 
the  Training  School  at  the  Lying-in  Depart- 
tn<?nt  of  the  King's  College  Hospital,  is  to  be 
recorded.  It  is  of  importance  chiefly  today, 
because  it  led  to  the  publication  of  her  "Notes 
on  Lying-in  Institutions,"  which  is  to  he  com- 
pared to  the  "Notes  on  Nursing"  in  its  clear- 
ness and  originality  and  the  soundness  of  its 
practical  applications. 

The  Nightingale  Training  School  was  always 
under  Miss  Nightingale's  supervision,  but  after 
the  year  1872,  when  she  retired,  more  or  less, 
from  more  active  association  with  other  formfr 
of  work,  and  when  it  was  removed  to  the  present 
new  St.  Thomas's  building,  she  identified  her- 
self still  more  closely  with  it,  and  it  sheds 
other  light  upon  her  extraordinarily  many- 
sided  character.  Here  again,  as  in  her  youth, 
we  see  her  from  the  domestic  side.  She  is  in 
close  contact  with  her  nurses,  knowing  each  one 
personally,  criticising  and  loving,  chiding  and 
helping,  always  on  the  highest  plane  of  prin- 
ciple, and  with  a  depth  of  personal  feeling  and 
sympathy  that  brought  her  into  the  closest 
range  of  influence  with  those  whom  she  was 
trying  to  inspire.  Every  year  she  formulated 
her  teaching  in  a  hospital  sermon,  which  took 
the  form  of  a  letter,  publicly  read  to  the 
nurses.  In  these  days  her  home  at  South  Street 
was  always  open  to  her  pupils,  whom  she  met 
here  in  a  sense  on  equal  terms,  and  all  loved  her 
dearly.  Just  as  in  her  beautiful  girlhood  she 
had  sat  at  the  feet  of  Elizabeth  Fry,  and  had 
drunk  to  her  soul's  fulfilment  of  the  springs  of 
that  ripened  humanitarian  ism,  so  in  her  own 
latter  days,  these  daughters  of  her  heart's  best 
wisdom  gathered  about  her  to  learn  from  her 
in 


Platb    it.     rLoraici    NiauTUfsiU    la    IfOT. 


•nee  KitfttBfBli. 


own  lipi  whftt  it  wu  iha  would  haT«  tb«n  to  do. 
As  ttM  jmn  closed  in  aboat  h«r,  h«r  nniaei 
stood  to  her  in  the  relstioa  ot  "affeetioiuite  ehil- 
dren"  w  "dear  sisten,"  who  had  gtme  out  into 
the  world  to  carry  her  gospel  of  what  the  art 
of  nursing  meant  to  many  distant  lands. 

In  the  fulness  of  time,  after  a  life  so  crowded 
with  productive  labor,  phUosophie  thought,  and 
literary  activity,  so  neh  in  sympathies  and 
affection,  and  so  transfigured  by  a  deop  re< 
ligious  faith  that  one  could  scarcely  imagine  its 
equal,  death  came  to  her,  three  yean  after  the 
E^vedom  of  the  City  of  London  and  the  King's 
Order  of  Merit  had  been  conferred  upon  her. 
To  the  end  she  counted  herself  an  anpn^table 
servant,  and  realized  only  the  high  values  of 
those  things  which  she  had  struggled  to  attain. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


MlH  Ni|hiini«le'i  Vritinit 
Writlnis  iboui  Miu  Nlghtingile 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Thk  following  aplet'tioiu  from  MiM  Nightin- 
ffnle'K  more  important  publiihed  writingi,  whieb 
■re  takm  from  the  Fxrpllpnt  bibliofniphy  given 
iiiKirEdwiirdCiMik'ii  Life  will  be  of  interest  to 
th«  re«den  of  thi»  addreM.  To  it  are  added  th« 
title*  of  a  few  of  the  more  important  writinfi 
NlM>ut  her  gleaned  from  the  lame  wuroe.  For 
further  deUili  thoae  intereated  ar«  referred  to 
the  appendicea  of  Vol.  II  of  the  above  book, 
which  contain  a  mine  of  authentic  information. 


Hiaa  NisHTiNoALE'a  wimnoa. 

(It  Tbe  Institution  of  Kalwrawerth  <hi  the  Rt.  .r. 
tor  tbe  Practical  TralnlDc  of  l>MroDewH,  nnak.-  hp 
dlfHrtlon  of  the  Rev.  Pattor  nicdoer,  eubraclDif  .tii> 
aappurt  bqiI  can  ot  a  Hoairital,  Infant  and  Indtutrl.  1 
Hcbool*,  and  a  Fmaale  Praltnitlary,  liODdoo,  IWl 
Octavo,  paper  wrapper,  pp.  83. 

(3)  Jitter*  from  Efrpt  LMidon:  Prlnteu  bjr  A. 
RDd  O.  A.  H|HittUwiiral*>.  1WV4.  Octavo,  pp.  XM  ami  79. 
(Tbe  letters  were  written  In  1H4(»  and  1860). 

(3)  Report  apun  the  State  of  tbe  HoaplUIa  of  tb* 
British  Army  In  the  Crimea  and  SciiUri,  18B0.  no. 
33(V881,  a42-»4S. 

(4)  SUtemeoti  exhlbltlas  tbe  Tolanlary  Oontrlbih 
tlona  received  bj  lllaa  Nlffbtlniale  for  tbe  oae  of  tbe 
Britiata  War  HoaplUl  In  tbe  Eaat,  with  the  Mode  o< 
tbelr  Dlatribotlon  In  18M,  ISU,  1866.  London: 
Harrlaoo,  IWt.    Octavo,  red-paper  wrappers,  pp.  68. 

(0)  N'otMi  on  Matters  affcctlnff  tbe  Health.  Effl- 
dency,  aod  Ho«plut  AdtDlnUtratlon  of  the  Britldi 
Army.  Poanded  chiefly  on  tbe  Experience  of  tbe 
late  War.  PreseotMl  by  retioeet  to  tbe  Secretary  of 
State  of  War.  Lcndoa:  Harrtaon  aod  Son*,  1W& 
Octavo,  pp.  507. 

(6)  Subsidiary  Notes  as  to  the  Introdoctlon  of 
Female  Narslos  Into  HUltary  HospiUla  In  Peace  and 
In  War.  Preaeoted  by  request  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  of  War.  Ijondon:  iiarrlmm  and  Sonx.  ISBH, 
Octavo,  i^.  133. 

71 


(7)  I'apen"  on  the  H<Mpltal  at  Nplley.  Bzamlner. 
July  24  1S6S;  Saturday  itevk>w.  AuKUHt  18;  Builder, 
July  34 ;  Dally  Xeww,  July  as;  Thf  I^anret.  Au(nint  14; 
flml  the  I*pdB  Mert-ury,  Augutit  '2\.    1S5K 

(S)  Mortality  of  the  Brltlith  Army,  at  Hume  and 
Abroad,  aud  during  the  UuMttan  War.  at*  t-omiiared 
with  the  Mortality  t»f  the  Civil  Po|iulatlou  lu  England, 
llluatraleil  by  Itablew  aud  IHagrams,  liOndcm: 
l>rlnte4l  by  Ilarrlwin  and  Sous.  1MW,  pp.  21. 

(in  A  Contribution  to  the  Sanitary  lii«t^>ry  of  th« 
British  Army  during  the  late  War  with  ItusaU. 
Illustrated  with  Tablen  and  IMattrnmH.  London: 
I'rinleil  by  Harrlwrn  and  S.mi«.  IWHt.  l-aw  folio. 
PI).  10  and  diagruniK. 

(10)  XotpK  on  Honpltnli*:  l»eliig  two  rapent  read 
Itefore  the  National  Awiodarloii  for  the  rromotlon  of 
Soptal  S<'leni-e.  ilt  I.lveriiool.  In  October  ISW.  With 
Kvldeni*  iriv^n  li>  the  Itoyal  Commliwioners  on  the 
State  of  the  Annv  In  1W>7.  By  Florent*  Xlttlitlngale. 
I^mdon:  John  W.  I'lirker  and  Son,  1«>0.  Octavo, 
pp.  \m.  S»H*«nid  KtUtlon.  l^oll.  Third  KtUtlon-eii- 
laritetland  altere*!.  1>*7  i>atte».  IWI.1.  publlnhed  by  Irf»ng- 

niBUK. 

ill)  Notes  on  Nurslntt:  What  It  1m  and  what  it 
Ix  not.  Bv  Florence  Nlchtlngale.  Tendon  :  Ilarrii«on. 
!«».  (h-iavo.  i»p.  70.  Sold  very  quickly  (iri,000 
coptett  within  a  mouth  of  publlcdtlon). 

(121  Notes  on  Xuralnji:  What  It  In  and  what  It  l-* 
n«*  Bv  noreme  Nightlncale.  New  Edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  lAMidon:  Harriw'n.  ISHO.  Octavo,  pp. 
224  lleprluted  bv  Appleton  and  Co.,  In  New  York, 
and  Ameri^-an  «lltl<ms  appearwl  In  1»W,  1876.  1879. 
1MR3  1801.  1001  1««.  1008.  1000.  Foreign  Transla- 
tions. TranHlated  into  Italian  1800  and  18S7.  into 
Oennau  1861.  int<»  French  1862. 

(l.ll  I'roceetllngs  of  the  International  StatlBtica! 
Congress.  Fourth  SesfifHi,  \m).  Contains  numerous 
I'aiKTs  and  Re|x>rt»  by  MIsa  Nightingale. 

(141  Suggestions  for  Thought  to  the  Searchers 
after  Truth  among  the  -\rtlKan»  of  F.ngland.  Tendon  : 
Eyre  aud  ^pnttlswiKMle.  l.'^fiO.  3  vols.  Octavo,  pp. 
202.  411.  126. 

(1R>  Notes  on  Xnrslng  for  the  Ij»l>onrlng  Classes. 
Bv  Florence  XlBhtingnle.  l^ondon :  Harrison.  ISftl. 
Hound  In  limp  nnl  cloth.  Reprlnte<l  In  18ft1.  isnft. 
1H7H.  188.1,  ISSo.  iSftR.  1800.  1804.  1808. 

not  Hospital  statistics  and  Hospital  Plans.  By 
Florem-c  Nightingale.  Reprinted  from  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  National  Asstwlatlon  for  the  Promotion 
<.f  SiH-lnl  Scien<-e  (Publln  Meeting.  August  18611. 
72 


I:.<m<lm);  Kmlly  I'althfiill  hikI  Ch..  IMU,  |i|>.  s  Iti- 
clwleii  the  M<kIp1  HtatlHtl<-al  Forms  which  were 
approved  hy  the  hiternattnnal  StatUttral  ('oiigreiw. 

(IT)  Anny  Sanitary  AilmliiiKtrutlon  and  itm  Reform 
tinder  the  late  liorU  Herliert.  r^wlun :  MTorniiio- 
dale  and  Co.,  iwc.     A  mmphlet,  8vo.  pp.  11. 

(IK)  TtiomaN  Alexander,  V.  B..  I>treetor-(ieneral 
Army  Medical  IX^wrtment.  A  Memtirtal  fjetter  by 
MImh  NlKhtliiKHle.  printed  lu  the  Weekly  S^tilxmaii. 
Heirtemlwr  IH,  the  Ijanfet,  Kepteml>er  3T,  IMtl!,  and 
many  other  imimtm. 

(ID)  ObiierMitions  on  the  Kvidence  (-onttilrie^l  in  the 
Statinnal  ItFiN>rt  submitted  to  the  Koyal  CommioRiou 
<Hi  the  Ranitary  State  of  the  Army  in  Inlla.  By 
Florence  Niiifatiunale.  London :  Fdwnrd  Stamftmi. 
1863.  th'tavn.  i^  92.  Thlx  Ih  a  reprint  of  the  "Obwr. 
%-atlouH."  with  all  the  lllnMtrations  (Mee  No.  :t3). 

Extracts  from  the  "fHwen-arions"  and  from  "How 
i*eople  may  live  and  not  die  in  India"  <Xii.  41 1  wen* 
printed  in  the  S<»ldler'a  Friend.  July  1,  l>«rK 

(20)  Sanitary  St«ti»tlicK  of  Native  Colonial  a4*h.H»N 
and  tloKpitalx.  Ilv  Florence  NlftbtlnKale.  Ixindon: 
18(t».     A  iiemphlet.  pp.  ttT. 

CIl)  How  I'foitle  may  live  and  not  die  in  India. 
By  I-1orem>e  NishtlnEale.  (Itead  »t  the  MeetinK  of 
the  National  AnKiN'latlon  for  the  Pmmotlon  of  Social 
Science,  held  at  Edlnhurgh.  (Vtober  \mi\.  \  F/mdon : 
Bmtly  Kaithfidl.  INlCt.  A  |Him|dilet.  Nro.  pp.  11. 
Second  e<lltlon,  Novemlier  1>«t4.  puhllnhed  by  Lodk- 
manx,  Svo.  pp.  18,  with  ft  new  preface  tAninii't  18B4>. 

(221  SuKin^tloiix  In  reiianl  to  Sanitary  Works  re- 
quired for  Improrinii  Indian  Statlonii.  preiiered  by  the 
Barrack  and  HoHpital  Improvement  ('ommtftxlot). 
Blne-Bo(A   ( SuKh'efltitHis,  pp.  l-.'t7).  Ituiued  1804. 

(23)  SHKJteslbaiH  cm  a  System  of  NnntlnR  for  llos- 
pIlalH  In  India.     February  24.  18i;r>.     Folio,  pp.  IK. 

(24)  Tile  (li';mnlKati(m  of  S'urxUiK  In  a  Lar^  Town 
(an  ac4*ount  of  the  rJver|HM>l  Nu^^4eH'  TralnlnK 
ftchooU.  With  an  Iiitn>dHrttmi  and  .\oten  by  Hor- 
ence  Nliditinitale.     rJveriHwl.   l.s«5.     Oi-tavo,  pp.   103. 

(2n)  SuKRestlons  on  the  Subjin-t  of  provldinn,  train- 
InK,  and  orKanizinu  Nurstes  for  the  Hick  Poor  in  Work- 
house Inflrmartcs.  Bluo-h««>k.  IWiT,  iwjier  XVI.  pp. 
*4-7ft. 

(2(0  "I'na  and  the  I.h>n."  tiood  Words.  .luiie.  1>MS. 
pp.  360-3<ltt.  An  a4-count  of  Miss  Aciiefl  F.llTJiheth 
Jones,  "the  ptoiit>er  of  W4>rkhnuse  nnrslnK." 

(27)  Memoratidum  on  MeasureA  adopted  for  Sani- 
tary Impn)vcment  In  India  np  to  the  end  of  ISftT: 
to;n>rlier  with  .Xbstracts  of  (lie  Sftnltary  lleports 
73 


blUwrto  forwarded  from  Bengat,  Madras,  atul  Bon- 
bay.  Printed  by  the  order  of  tbe  SacreUry  of  State 
of  India  In  Cooncil,  1808. 

(38)  Addresseii  from  MIm  Nightingale  to  the  Pro- 
baUoocp  NiirMM  In  the  Nightingale  Fund"  School  at 
St.  ThomaB's  HoMpimr.  Printed  t*>r  Private  Circu- 
lation In  May.  1S72:  May  23,  1873;  July  23.  Ii!t74;  May 
2«,l»7ft;April  28,1876;Jaly,  1878;  Ea«ter,l»re:  Mv 
(I.  1»*1;  May  23.  1883;  July  3,  1884;  New  T«r«  Day. 
1S8B;  JUy  16,  1888;  June,  1897;  May  28,  1900;  Janu- 
ary, 1905. 

(29)  "A  'Note'  of  Interrogation."  Fraaer's  Alaff- 
aalne.  May,  1873,  pp.  Bti7-877.  ^^ 

(30)  "A  Sub- 'Note  of  Interrelation.'  What  wll( 
our  KellgloD  be  In  1980?"  Fraiier'8  MaRailne  July 
1873,  pp.  aj.36. 

(31)  Life  or  Death  In  India.  A  Paper  read  at  the 
meeting  of  the  National  Aasoclatlon  for  the  Proi&otlon 
of  Social  Science.  Norwich,  October  1873.  With  an 
appendix  on  "Life  or  Death  by  Irrigation."  London; 
Harrison  and  Sons,  1874.    A  pamphl't,  pp.  63. 

(32)  "Irrigation  and  Means  of  Transit  In  In-Ua  " 
The  Illustrated  London  Newi,  August  1,  1874. 

(33)  Suggestions  for  Improving  the  Nursing  Ser- 
vice of  Hoaidtals  and  on  the  Methods  of  TralnUur 
Nurses  for  the  Sick  Poor.  Folio,  pp.  la  Angust, 
1874. 

(34)  The  Zemindar,  the  Sun,  and  the  Waterins  Pot 
as  alfpctlng  Life  or  Death  In  India.     Folio,  pp.  195. 

(.'Ki  "The  Famine  In  Madras."  The  lUuatratetf 
Lonrton  News,  June  20,  1877. 

(36)  "The  United  Empire  and  the  Indian  Peasant " 
Journal  of  the  National  Indian  Association.  June. 
loiB,  pp.  232-24n. 

.  *'"'.."^'''""'  *"'»»!  In  'niUa.  By  a  Commla- 
sloner. '    Good  Words,  July,  1878,  pp.  4W4M. 

Deaoriblng,  In  the  languane  of  the  Royal  Proareaa. 
the  opening  of  the  Kana  Nnddee  (Blind  RIyer)  In  the 
Hooghly  Digtrlct. 

(38)  The  People  of  India."  Nineteenth  Century, 
.\UKUst,  1S78,  pp.     103-221. 

(3»)  "A  Mlsalonary  Health  Officer  In  India."    Good 

MM7I,  bSw^"*""'   '^'""°'^'   IS™.   PI"   <«"8«. 

(40)  "Irrliatlon  and  Water  Tranalt  In  India" 
lllnatrnted  London  News,  May  10,  24,  31. 

....'*'.). '^'i°  ""  "xlUMle  Bdncation  In  India  to  edncate 

Men  !    Jonmal  of  the  National  Indian  Assoclatloa^ 

74 


AimuHt.    SeiH^-iiilttr,    (h-iiiltfr.    1S7U.    iJ|t,    4l7--i:.o.   478- 
■»I>1,  r.27-55H. 

i4'2)   "HIiirH   iiikI    Suiocmtidiii'   on   Thrift."     Thrift, 

JnuiMt?-.  ihh::,  i>.  4. 

I4:t|  TralnliiK  <>f  NurtteH  iiud  XnndDK  tbe  Hick. 
ArrtoleM  HHtilRVliitE  ]4>.  108H-HM3.  IIMU-KMR  uf  Quain'H 
IHctlniinry  of  Metllcloe. 

1441  Tb«  Dumtt  Hball  >i|ieiik,  and  the  I>ei>f  xliall 
litmr;  rir,  the  Hyitt.  tbf  ^mlixtar.  unil  the  Uovern- 
iiient.  A  I'HiN>r  i-cHil  lit  riif  luet-tliiK  of  tti<>  EaMt  India 
AHWK-tatluii.  ami  )iritit<4  in  Km  .Inamal.  .luly.  I8H3. 
It(^>rliire<l  i«(>)ianitpl,v.  pp.  4S. 

(45)  "Our  lodiuii  HlewardHhlp."  Xliiflt'eutli  C«i- 
tury,  August.  1.S83,  p|».  ;i2»-:(38. 

<4tti  "Tbe  BeoRal  Teiiam-y  Bill."  c'liiitetnpurary 
Review,  Ocrtober.  lKM.t.  pp.  r.K7-«ie. 

(471  "UmidlalH."  Article  hi  Cbambers'  Ency- 
•■luimtMlia.  new  nlltloii.  revtwwl  ami  portly  re-written 
l.y  y.  N. 

(4MI  lieiiltli  Teurtilnjf  In  Town  iiud  VlUatiM.  Uui-.il 
Hygiene.  Hy  i-'lorenc-e  .NiKhllnjqiie.  [^ondon:  S|Kit- 
tlMW(M>(!e  and  Co.,  IsiH.    A  |wuipblet.  [tp.  -7. 

(4IM  VillaiEe  Siiultatlmi  tri  Intlia.  A  I'liper  fin-  the 
Tn^yk-al  Wectlon  of  tbe  nth  lnteniati<Hial  ConKretw  of 
liyfilene  und  !>emaen|^.v  at  RiidapeNt.  London: 
AuetiRt  -JO.   1H(H. 

(fi(h  A  letter  frrun  Florenee  NichtlnKale  alwat  the 
Viet*>rlMn  ilrder  .if  Nurses  in  Canada.  A  sioall 
pamiiblet.  iu  white  pai>er  wrappers,  pp.  4.  The  letter, 
to  Ijidy  Aberdeen.  i«  dated  May  5.  IHOS. 

(.111  The  Soldier  in  War  Time.  Letter  to  the 
liiiladava  Hurvlvori*.  printed  In  tbe  Dailv  Grapbif. 
(h'trtber  20.  1890. 

(521  MefjsaKe  to  Crimean  Veterans.  Printed  at  p. 
47  of  a  pamphlet  entitled  tbe  Crimean  and  Indian 
Mutiny   Veterans'   .'    ^.oelatlon.  Rrlstoi.     Briatol,   ll»05. 


n 

WBTTINCIB   ABOl^  1(188   NieHTTIfQALE. 

(1»  "Who  U  'MrB.'  Nightingaler  A  tilographical 
artlHe  In  the  Examiner  (reprinted  in  the  Timet. 
Oetober  30.  1854). 

(2>  Scutari  and  Ita  Hos[dtalfi.  By  tbe  Hon.  and 
Rev.  Sydney  Godolpbtn  Oi^bome.  Losdoo:  Diddn- 
son  Rrotbera,  ]8Kk 


75 


(3)  Eaiitern  HiwpltaU  ancl  ISnslLsb  Nurseh;  tbc 
Narrative  (tf  Twelve  Honths'  Experience  la  the  Ht»- 
VltalR  of  Koulahl  and  Srtitarl.  By  a  Lady  Volnnteer. 
2  vols.     IMGtl;  3rd  Mllttoii  In  one  vol.,  1HS7. 

^e  aathor,  MUa  Fanny  M.  Taylor,  watt  a  member 
of  the  wdmid  party  uf  niiraeti,  which  went  out  with 
Mtu  Stanley. 

(4)  The  NIghtlnKBle  Fund.  Report  of  Proceedloga 
at  a  l*nbltc  Heetluic  held  lu  Ixmdon,  on  Ni>v.  29.  18RS. 
OtltcM  of  the  NiRhtlnftule  l-'und.  5  Parliament  street. 
I^mphlet,  pp.  3it+16+:^4. 

(0)  The  Prophei'j'  of  Ada.  lute  Couutetto  f  Ltive- 
la(%.  on  her  friend  Miss  Florence  Nightingale.  Writ- 
ten in  the  year  IWl.  Music  composed  by  W.  H. 
Moutgomonery.     London  :  (*.  Rmer>-  and  Co.  <no  date). 

(0)  Pincoffs.  Kxperiences  of  a  Civilian  in  lilBBtem 
Military  Hospitals.  By  Peter  Pincoffs.  M.  D.,  late 
Civil  Physician  to  the  Scutari  HrwpttalK  WiiUam 
and  Norxate.    Ctiapter  VII. 

(7>  ^oyer's  Culinary  CamiwiKn :  belnK  Historical 
Kemlnlacent-es  of  the  I^ate  War.  By  Alexin  8oyer. 
l.ondon :    <}.  Ruutledge.  18S7. 

(5)  "What  Florence  Nightinnale  haa  done  and  is 
doing."     St.  James  Magazine.  April.  1S61. 

(9)  Kx[)erleuces  of  an  English  Sister  of  Mercy. 
By  Margaret  Ooo<lman.     Hmlth.  Elder  and  Co.,  1862. 

(101  A  Trip  to  Constant  liK^le.  and  Miss  Nigbtin- 
gale  at  Scntari  Hootdtal.  By  T..  Pnnne.  Tendon : 
J.   Shei^erd.  1n(U. 

(Ill  CcHiHtanthiopIc  during  the  Crimean  War.  By 
l4idy  Hornby.  Wltb  Illustrations  in  Chromo-tJtho- 
graphy.     London  :  Bentley.  lWt3. 

12)  A  Hoc*  of  Golden  I»eedP.  B.v  Charlotte  M. 
Tonge.     MacMlllan.  1864. 

(13)  A  Woman's  Examine,  and  a  Natlun's  Work: 
A  Tribute  to  Florence  Nightingale.  London :  Wil- 
liam Ridgway.  18«4. 

(I4>  Florence  Niglitlngaic.  .V  lA><-ture  delivernl  in 
the  Tlieatre  of  the  Medi4-al  College.  November  9. 
18tt6.     By  Major  41.  B.  Malleson.    Calcutta,  IStlS. 

(I'M  Thomas  Grant,  First  (Itoman  Caiholict 
Bishop  of  Southwark.  Ity  Grace  ItamKay  (iMeudonyni 
of  Kathleen  O'Mearat.     Smith,   Elder  iind  Co..  1K74. 

(10)  Life  of  the  Prtnie  Consort.  By  Sir  Theodon; 
Martin.     5  voIh.     Smith.  Elder  and  Co.     See  Vol.   III. 

(171  The  Invasion  of  the  Crimea.  By  A.  W.  King- 
lake.  Vol.  VI.  "Tfte  Winter  Troubles."  Blackwood 
and  Sons.  1880. 

7» 


(1H>  Narrmllvf  of  i'erwMuil  KzpertoDOM  and  Im- 
presRlou  during  s  Realdmt«  nn  tbe  Bov>ptaortu 
thromtuQt  the  CrlmWD  War.  By  l^dy  Altda 
Blackwood.     LoDdno:     HatchanL  1861. 

(10)  Life  aod  Work  of  the  Ttk  Earl  of  Sbafteabury. 
By  IMwlD  Hodder.  3  Voln.  (UNii.  pojmlar  edition, 
1  Vol.  1887.     S«e  pp.  BOB.  »«,  um 

(20)  Letteri*  aud  BeeullectloiiH  at  JalliM  and  Mary 
H<dil.  Bv  M.  V.  M.  Bltnpaon.  Kesan.  Panl  and  Oo„ 
1887. 

(21)  Hat  Rote  Kreuz,  No.  2S.  ISBti.  Pnbllabed  at 
Berne. 

(22)  The  ."ttory  of  the  Highland  Brigade  In  the 
Crimea.  Founded  on  letters  written  ISM-M  by  Lieut 
Cokmel  Anthony  Stirling.     Remington  and  Co.,  1886. 

(23)  Life  and  Letters  of  B«ijamln  Jowett.  By 
Evelyn  Abbott,  and  Lewis  Campbell.  2  vola.  John 
Murray.  1897. 

(24)  RemlnltKf ti(«8 :  1819-1899.  By  Julia  Ward 
Howe. 

(25)  Memories  of  the  Oimen.  By  fainter  Hary 
AloyHlux    (imylel.     Tendon:     Burnn  and  Oates,  1904. 

(261  Emma  Iiarwln.  Wife  of  I'barles  Darwin:  A 
Centur>-  of  Family  I*tters.  By  her  daughter.  II.  E, 
Litchfield.    2  voIh.     Privately  printed.  Ifl04. 

(27)  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale.  By  Sarah 
.\.  Tooley.     I^ondon:     S.  II.  BoUH&eld  uihI  Co.,  1004. 

(28)  William  Rathbone:  a  Memoir.  By  Eleanor 
F.  Uathbone.     MacHlllan.  IOCS. 

(20))  Sidney  Herbert.  T^rd  Herbert  of  f^ea.  A 
Memoir.     Bv  LonI  Stanmore.     2  vols.    .Inbn  Murray. 

leoe. 

(90t  The  History  of  Nursing.  By  M.  Adelaide 
Nutting  and  Lavlnia  L.  Dock.  2  void.  fJ.  P.  Put- 
nam's i^oDs.  1S07. 

(31)  The  letters  of  Queeii  Victoria.  1H87-18B1. 
Edited  by  A.  C.  Benxoii  ami  VliWYiunt  Esher.  3  voln. 
John  Murray. 

(32)  St.  Johns  Ilouae.  A  Brief  Keoord  of  Sixty 
Years'  Work.  !»4S-10(«.  12  Queen  Square.  Hlimm*- 
linry.  Umdon.  W.  r.     .v  i»amphlet. 

(113)  Florence  Nightingale:  a  Force  In  Medicine. 
Address  ut  the  Graduating  ExerclseB  of  the  Nurseii' 
Training  School  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital.  May 
1(1.  1010.     By  Henry  M.  Hurd.  M.  D..  Baltimore,  1910. 

CMt  The  Letier»  of  John  Stuart  Mill.  Edited  by 
Hugh  S.  R,  Elliot,     2  volR.     Lirngmflns  and  Co..  1910. 


f 


(HB>  "Home  PprHuiisi  K<Toll«i.-tt<niii  of  Uim  VUtr- 
PDoe  NlfthtlngBlf^"  (witli  a  M'tltm  of  lettm  tttm  F. 
N.  I  lu  thp  Nornlng  Mlrntr  mihI  MldwW**'  Joorttal. 
l*ei*t«iBlMT  ■'.    IMO.  pp.  .'U7-:t40. 

I8H)  ■|'-l»reai'e  NlxbUswle.  U.  M..  B.  K.  C."  By 
Major  ('.  K.  Pollw.*,  R<»^al  Arwy  Medlt^I  I\min>. 
Ortnlwr,  IfllO.  r^twloa:  Juin  Bftlf.  Sotii  aB^ 
IhrnielflMB. 

(37)  Mine  HeUi^  nntff  HeUUm  iKlomce  Nlfbt 
tngale).  Vun  J.  VriM  Htattaart.  1912.  Verla«  der 
Rrang.     tlefiellBchaK 

(38)  Tbe  Story  •'f  Klor*>iK-(>  Nlfft<tlninile.  By  W. 
3.  Wintle.     LODioti       Rnnday  Scfaoi^  riiloii. 


/^ 


